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Photonics and Fiber Optics Photonics and Fiber Optics Foundations and Applications Edited by Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay Pathik Kumbhakar Mrinal Kanti Mandal CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-367-13457-0 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, trans- mitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereaf- ter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Gangopadhyay, Tarun Kumar, editor. | Kumbhakar, Pathik, editor. | Mandal, Mrinal Kanti, editor. Title: Photonics and fiber optics : foundations and applications / [edited by] Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay, Pathik Kumbhakar, Mrinal Kanti Mandal. Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “This book discusses foundations of laser and photonics technology focusing on laser and fiber-optic application in telecommunication and sensing fields. It covers constituent materials, techniques of measurement of nonlinear optical properties of nanomaterials, photonic crystal and pertinent applications in varied fields”-- Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2019018146 | ISBN 9780367134570 (hardback) | ISBN 9780429026584 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Photonics. | Fiber optics. Classification: LCC TA1520 .P4913 2020 | DDC 621.36/92--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019018146 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface ....................................................................................................................vii CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business Editors ......................................................................................................................xi No claim to original U.S. Government works Contributors ...........................................................................................................xv Printed on acid-free paper 1. Historical Facts toward Introduction of Fiber-Optics International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-367-13457-0 (Hardback) and Photonics .......................................................................................1 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize 2. Photonics: A Dream of Modern Technology ..........................................39 to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material Sourangshu Mukhopadhyay, Shuvra Dey, and Subhendu Saha has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, trans- 3. Optical Fiber and Its Application in Communication—An mitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereaf- Overview ........................................................................................................67 ter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or Mrinal Kanti Mandal retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. 4. Progress on Optical Fiber Sensor for the Measurement com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood of Physical Parameters and Chemical Sensing ......................................89 Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are 5. Laser Applications in Medicine and Photodynamic Therapy ..........131 used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Gopal C. Bhar Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data 6. Attempts to Build Light Energy Conversion Devices .........................149 Names: Gangopadhyay, Tarun Kumar, editor. | Kumbhakar, Pathik, editor. | Somnath Paul, Chirantan Samajdar, and Tapan Ganguly Mandal, Mrinal Kanti, editor. Title: Photonics and fiber optics : foundations and applications / [edited 7. Fluorescence: Fundamentals and Applications ....................................157 by] Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay, Pathik Kumbhakar, Mrinal Kanti Mandal. Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2020. | Includes Mohan Singh Mehata bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “This book discusses foundations of laser and photonics technology focusing on laser and 8. Nonlinear Frequency Conversion—A Versatile Approach to fiber-optic application in telecommunication and sensing fields. It covers constituent materials, techniques of measurement of nonlinear Achieve Broadly Tunable Coherent Radiation .....................................177 optical properties of nanomaterials, photonic crystal and pertinent Udit Chatterjee applications in varied fields”-- Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2019018146 | ISBN 9780367134570 (hardback) | ISBN 9780429026584 (ebook) 9. Photonics and Its Application in High-Voltage Engineering ............205 Subjects: LCSH: Photonics. | Fiber optics. Nirmal Kumar Roy Classification: LCC TA1520 .P4913 2020 | DDC 621.36/92--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019018146 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com v vi Contents 10. Techniques of Measurements of Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Layered Nanomaterials for Applications in Photonics ......................................................................................................217 Pathik Kumbhakar, S. Biswas, and A. K. Kole 11. TiO Nanowire-Based Optical Sensor ....................................................249 2 Aniruddha Mondal and Anupam Ghosh 12. Computation of Electromagnetic Bandgap in Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal..........................................................................................275 Arpan Deyasi Index .....................................................................................................................297 Preface Light astonished human beings from the very start of civilization. They con- quered the darkness with the invention of fire. With time they invented different sources of light and tried to control and channelize them. There is multitude of applications of optics in our daily life. The application of optics has increased immensely after the invention of laser in the year 1960. There has been a renaissance in the field of optics and optoelectron- ics. Nowadays, the applications of laser are not only restricted in the field of scientific research and development but also it has spread its applicable potentiality in our daily life. Recently a new area of science of technology has emerged, namely photonics. Photonics is the science and technology of generating and controlling photons—particles of light. The applications of photonics cover many disciplines, with the single aim of harnessing the photon in fields such as optics, materials science, electrical engineering, nanotechnology, physics and chemistry. The twentieth century is often called the century of the electron because of the technological breakthroughs enabled by the electron. It is likely that the twenty-first century will be known as the century of the photon. The application of photonics in technology is as diverse as that in science. The impact of photonics technology in our daily lives is immense. Photonics technology enables the processing, storage, transport and visualization of huge masses of data. In manufacturing, laser light is used as a fast and precise tool for cutting, welding and scribing. Laser manufacturing is used for objects as large as huge ocean-going tankers to tiny nano structures. Innovative lighting systems create convenient sur- roundings and save energy. In the present “information era,” the high speed and efficient communication of huge amounts of information have been made possible due to the advancement in the field of optical communication in terms of development of good quality, small size optical sources, optical detectors and very low loss optical fiber for guiding the optical signals. Laser light is used to control and to study dynamics of chemical reactions also. Laser sources have important roles to play in nanoscience and nanotechnology for the study and development of nanotechnology materials and devices for our well-being. Important scientific research is going on all over the globe for the development of high speed optical computers by develop- ing integrated small scale laser-based devices. This book is intended and edited for the benefit of senior undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers and the teachers in the field of photonics. This book starts with a brief history of light wave as well as fiber-optic technology. Then description of different optical fiber along with its properties is represented in a brief but compact manner. Specific attention was paid to the history of every kind of optical fiber as they played an important role vii viii Preface after 1975. After that, complete origin of a new generation photonic crystal fiber (PCF) was discussed in detail. It also contains the differences between the conventional fiber and PCF. Many charming optical properties of PCF are described. For certain important applications, crucial factors including design, fabrications and light guiding properties are discussed in both single mode fiber (SMF) and PCF. In the first four chapters a complete evolution is done in this book about the varieties of optical fiber and its properties through its six generations over a 40 years’ time period ranging from 1975 to 2018. Henceforth, one can only wonder what the future holds, especially if the potential of the optical fiber is realized by the year 2025. The next four chapters (i.e., Chapters 5 through 8) deal with laser applications in medicine, light energy conversion devices, fluorescence, nonlinear optical effects for a generation of tunable laser radiations, etc. which contain the fundamental information related to Foundations in Photonics (the title of the book). The next four chapters (i.e., Chapters 9 through 12) deal with some applications of photonics, sensing effects, different sensors, techniques of measurement of linear and nonlinear optical properties of some recently studied 2D layered nanomaterials having enormous photonic applications and computation of electromagnetic bandgap of two-dimensional photonic crystal, etc. These effects have a lot of importance in the development of photonics and opto-electronics devices in future. Hence the above-mentioned topics are covered in this edited book aiming to fulfill the requirements of students and the broader research community. The writings of these chapters have started in 2016 and reached to the present stage with the help of different personalities and various support from our colleagues. Hence our sincere acknowledgments and thanks to all contributors for their inputs and support. Firstly, this edited volume has come out from the compilation of lectures delivered by eminent expert researchers and scientists in a TEQIP-II sponsored short-term course (STC) entitled “Foundations in Photonics and Applications (FiPA-2016)” organized at Department of Physics of National Institute of Technology, Durgapur. We are very much grateful for the kind permission of the Director, NIT, Durgapur, and Director, CSIR-Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, to work jointly between two institutes and to publish the lecture materials in the form of a book. This book is a collected effort of the presenters in FiPA- 2016 and additional chapters are included from two eminent researchers. Thus, we are grateful to all the authors of the chapters for their valuable contributions. We are grateful to Prof. Anupam Basu, present Director, NIT Durgapur, for his inspirations. We are grateful to Dr. K. Muraleedharan, present Director, CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata, for his permission to carry out this work. We are also grateful to Dr. H.S. Maiti, Ex-Director of CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata, for his encouragement and support. We would also like to thank Mr. Jijo V. Ittiarah and Miss Moutusi De, PhD students, for their help during the preparation of the manuscripts. We are thankful to Dr. Subrata Biswas for designing the Preface ix cover page of the book. We are grateful to all scientists in the Fiber Optics and Photonics Division (FOPD), CSIR-CGRI, for providing some of the pho- tographs appearing in the book. We are also grateful to all the colleagues of Department of Physics of National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, for their help. We thank all the learned reviewers for their critical comments and fruitful suggestions. Finally, we are grateful to all CRC press (T & F) staff members and to Dr. Gagandeep Singh, whose continuous and untiring efforts made it possible to print it in the present form. Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay Pathik Kumbhakar Mrinal Kanti Mandal