Photomechanical materials, composites, and systems : wireless transduction of light into work PDF
Preview Photomechanical materials, composites, and systems : wireless transduction of light into work
(cid:2) PhotomechanicalMaterials, Composites,andSystems (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Photomechanical Materials, Composites, and Systems WirelessTransductionofLightintoWork EditedbyTimothyJ.White (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Thiseditionfirstpublished2017 ©2017JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor otherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfrom thistitleisavailableathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofTimothyJ.Whitetobeidentifiedastheauthor(s)ofthisworkhasbeenassertedin accordancewithlaw. RegisteredOffice JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA EditorialOffice 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWiley productsvisitusatwww.wiley.com. 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LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData Names:White,T.(Timothy),editor. Title:Photomechanicalmaterials,composites,andsystems:wireless transductionoflightintowork/editedbyTimothyJ.White. Description:Hoboken,NewJersey:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,[2017]|Includes bibliographicalreferencesandindex.|Descriptionbasedonprintversion recordandCIPdataprovidedbypublisher;resourcenotviewed. Identifiers:LCCN2017001840(print)|LCCN2017012541(ebook)|ISBN 9781119123293(AdobePDF)|ISBN9781119123286(ePub)|ISBN9781119123309 |ISBN9781119123309(cloth;pbk.)|ISBN1119123305(cloth;pbk.) Subjects:LCSH:Smartmaterials.|Polymers–Opticalproperties.| Polymers–Mechanicalproperties.|Nanocomposites(Materials) Classification:LCCTA418.9.S62(ebook)|LCCTA418.9.S62P462017(print)| DDC620.1/9204295–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017001840 Coverimage:©eugenesergeev/Gettyimages CoverdesignbyWiley Setin10/12ptWarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 (cid:2) (cid:2) v Contents ListofContributors xi Preface xv 1 AHistoricalOverviewofPhotomechanicalEffectsin Materials,Composites,andSystems 1 ToruUbeandTomikiIkeda 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 InitialStudiesofPhotomechanicalEffectsinMaterials 1 1.1.2 ResearchofPhotomechanicalEffectsinMaterials–1950–1980 2 (cid:2) 1.1.3 ResearchofPhotomechanicalEffectsinMaterials–1980–2000 6 (cid:2) 1.1.4 PhotomechanicalEffectsObservedinCross-Linked Liquid-CrystallinePolymers–2001–Present 9 1.1.5 PhotomechanicalEffectsinPolymericMaterialsandComposites Systemssince2000 19 1.1.6 Classification 23 References 25 2 PhotochromismintheSolidState 37 OleksandrS.BushuyevandChristopherJ.Barrett 2.1 MolecularPhotoswitchesintheSolidState 37 2.2 MolecularandMacroscopicMotionofAzobenzene Chromophores 39 2.3 PhotomechanicalEffects 41 2.3.1 PhotomechanicalEffectsinAmorphousAzoPolymers 42 2.3.2 ActuationinLiquid-CrystallinePolymers 43 2.3.3 Photosalient,Photochromic,andPhotomechanicalCrystals 49 2.4 Solid-StatePhotochromicMolecularMachines 54 2.4.1 NanostructureFunctionalization 55 2.4.2 Two-DimensionalAssembliesandSurfaceFunctionalization 59 2.5 SurfaceMassTransportandPhaseChangeEffects 62 2.6 PhotochromicReactionsinFrameworkArchitectures 65 (cid:2) (cid:2) vi Contents 2.7 SummaryandOutlook 68 References 69 3 Photomechanics:Bend,Curl,Topography,andTopology 79 DanielCorbett,CarlD.Modes,andMarkWarner 3.1 ThePhotomechanicsofLiquid-CrystallineSolids 81 3.2 PhotomechanicsandItsMechanisms 82 3.2.1 Absorption,Photomechanics,andBendActuation 86 3.2.1.1 PhotostationaryDyePopulationsandMechanicalResponse 87 3.2.1.2 DynamicalIntensityandDyePopulations 88 3.2.1.3 PolydomainPhotosolids 90 3.2.1.4 PhotomechanicsversusThermalMechanicsuponIlluminating Photosolids 91 3.3 ASketchofMacroscopicMechanicalResponseinLCRubbersand Glasses 92 3.4 Photo-andHeat-InducedTopographicalandTopological Changes 97 3.5 ContinuousDirectorVariation,Part1 97 3.6 Mechanico-GeometricEffects,Part1 100 3.7 ContinuousDirectorVariation,Part2 100 3.8 ContinuousDirectorVariation,Part3 103 (cid:2) 3.9 Mechanico-GeometricEffects,Part2 106 (cid:2) 3.10 DirectorFieldswithDiscontinuities–AdvancedOrigami! 107 3.11 Mechanico-GeometricConsequencesofNonisometric Origami 110 3.12 Conclusions 110 References 112 4 PhotomechanicalEffectsinAmorphousandSemicrystalline Polymers 117 JeongJaeWie 4.1 Introduction 117 4.2 PolymericMaterials 119 4.3 TheAmorphousPolymerState 119 4.4 TheSemicrystallinePolymerState 121 4.5 AbsorptionProcesses 124 4.6 PhotomechanicalEffectsinAmorphousandSemicrystalline Azobenzene-FunctionalizedPolymers 126 4.6.1 InfluenceofCrystallinityonPhotomechanicalResponseof Polyimides 126 4.6.2 BackboneRigidity 128 4.7 MolecularAlignment 132 4.8 AnnealingandAging 138 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents vii 4.9 Sub-T SegmentalMobility 142 g 4.10 Cross-LinkDensity 145 4.11 ConcludingRemarks 146 References 148 5 PhotomechanicalEffectsinLiquid-CrystallinePolymer NetworksandElastomers 153 TimothyJ.White 5.1 Introduction 153 5.1.1 WhatIsaLiquidCrystalPolymer,PolymerNetwork,or Elastomer? 153 5.1.2 HowAreLiquid-CrystallinePolymerNetworksandElastomers Prepared? 154 5.1.2.1 PolysiloxaneChemistries 154 5.1.2.2 FreeRadicalorCationicPhotopolymerization 157 5.2 OpticallyResponsiveLiquidCrystalPolymerNetworks 159 5.2.1 HistoricalOverview 159 5.2.2 PhotochromicandLiquidCrystalline 162 5.2.3 Photomechanics 164 5.3 LiteratureSurvey 165 5.3.1 PhotomechanicalEffectsinPolysiloxaneMaterialsand (cid:2) Analogs 165 (cid:2) 5.3.2 PhotomechanicalEffectsinPoly(meth)acrylateMaterialsand Analogs 166 5.4 OutlookandConclusion 169 References 171 6 PhotomechanicalEffectsinPolymerNanocomposites 179 BalajiPanchapakesan,FarhadKhosravi,JamesLoomis,andEugeneM. Terentjev 6.1 Introduction 179 6.2 PhotomechanicalActuationinPolymer–Nanotube Composites 180 6.3 FastRelaxationofCarbonNanotubesinPolymerComposite Actuators 186 6.4 HighlyOrientedNanotubesforPhotomechanicalResponseand FlexibleEnergyConversion 191 6.4.1 HighlyOrientedNanotubes/NanotubeLiquidCrystals 191 6.4.2 PhotomechanicalActuationofOrientedNanotube Composites 197 6.4.3 RelaxationBehaviorofNanotube–LiquidCrystalElastomers 200 6.5 PhotomechanicalActuationBasedon2-DNanomaterial (Graphene)–PolymerComposites 205 (cid:2) (cid:2) viii Contents 6.6 ApplicationsofPhotomechanicalActuationin Nanopositioning 213 6.6.1 PrincipleofGnP/ElastomerPhotothermalActuation 214 6.6.2 Photomechanical-Actuation-BasedNanopositioningSystem 218 6.6.3 GNP/PDMSActuatorFabricationandCharacterization 218 6.6.4 NanopositionerSystemIntegration 219 6.6.5 KineticsofPhotothermalNanopositioners 221 6.6.6 UsefulDisplacementversusMaximumDisplacement 222 6.6.7 AccuracyandResolution 223 6.7 FutureOutlook 224 Acknowledgments 225 References 225 7 PhotomechanicalEffectsinPhotochromicCrystals 233 LingyanZhu,FeiTong,RabihO.Al-Kaysi,andChristopherJ.Bardeen 7.1 Introduction 233 7.2 GeneralPrinciplesforOrganicPhotomechanicalMaterials 234 7.3 HistoryandBackground 234 7.4 ModesofMechanicalAction 240 7.4.1 PartialReactionandBimorphFormation 240 7.4.2 CompleteTransformationandCrystalReconfiguration 241 (cid:2) 7.5 PhotomechanicalMolecularCrystalSystems 242 (cid:2) 7.5.1 IntramolecularPhotochemicalReactions 242 7.5.1.1 Ring-Opening/ClosingReactions 242 7.5.1.2 Photoisomerization 244 7.5.1.3 Photodissociation 247 7.5.2 IntermolecularPhotochemicalReactions 248 7.5.2.1 [2+2]Photodimerization 248 7.5.2.2 [4+4]Photodimerization 250 7.5.3 NonequilibriumChargeDistributionandElectronicHeating 257 7.6 FutureDirections 260 7.6.1 ReactionDynamicsinMolecularCrystals 260 7.6.2 NewMaterials 261 7.6.3 InterfacingMolecularCrystalswithOtherObjects 262 7.7 Conclusion 264 Acknowledgments 264 References 264 8 PhotomechanicalEffectsinPiezoelectricCeramics 275 KenjiUchino 8.1 Introduction 275 8.2 PhotovoltaicEffect 276 8.2.1 PrincipleoftheBulkPhotovoltaicEffect 277 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents ix 8.2.1.1 “Bulk”PhotovoltaicEffect 277 8.2.1.2 ExperimentalSetup 279 8.2.1.3 CurrentSourceModel 279 8.2.1.4 VoltageSourceModel 282 8.2.2 EffectofLightPolarizationDirection 285 8.2.3 PLZTCompositionResearch 286 8.2.4 DopantResearch 287 8.3 PhotostrictiveEffect 288 8.3.1 FiguresofMerit 288 8.3.2 MaterialsConsiderations 289 8.3.3 CeramicPreparationMethodEffect 290 8.3.3.1 ProcessingMethod 290 8.3.3.2 GrainSizeEffect 290 8.3.3.3 Surface/GeometryDependence 291 8.4 PhotostrictiveDeviceApplications 294 8.4.1 DisplacementAmplificationMechanism 294 8.4.2 Photo-DrivenRelay 295 8.4.3 Micro-walkingMachine 295 8.4.4 “Photophone” 297 8.4.5 Micro-propellingRobot 297 8.5 ConcludingRemarks 299 (cid:2) References 300 (cid:2) 9 SwitchingSurfaceTopographiesBasedonLiquidCrystal NetworkCoatings 303 DanqingLiuandDirkJ.Broer 9.1 Introduction 303 9.2 LiquidCrystalNetworks 304 9.2.1 PhotoresponsiveLiquidCrystalNetworks 307 9.2.2 PhotoinducedSurfaceDeformation 307 9.2.3 PhotoinducedSurfaceDeformationPresetbyPatternedDirector Orientation 311 9.2.4 OntheMechanismofSurfaceDeformation 318 9.3 Conclusions 322 References 322 10 PhotoinducedShapeProgramming 327 TaylorH.Ware 10.1 One-WayShapeMemory 329 10.1.1 Photothermal 331 10.1.2 Photochemical 336 10.2 Two-WayShapeMemory 343 10.2.1 Photothermal 344 (cid:2) (cid:2) x Contents 10.2.2 Photochemical 353 10.3 SummaryandOutlook 358 References 358 11 PhotomechanicalEffectstoEnableDevices 369 M.RaviShankar 11.1 Introduction 369 11.2 AnalogPhotomechanicalActuators 371 11.3 Discrete-State(Digital)PhotomechanicalActuators 373 11.3.1 BinaryActuators 374 11.3.2 LatencyofBinaryActuatorsandRepetitiveActuation 375 11.3.3 MultistableImplementations 380 11.3.4 BeyondBistable,BuckledRods 384 11.4 PhotomechanicalMechanismsandMachines 387 References 388 12 PhotomechanicalEffectsinMaterials,Composites,and Systems:OutlookandFutureChallenges 393 TimothyJ.White 12.1 Introduction 393 12.2 OutlookandChallenges 393 (cid:2) 12.2.1 BreadthandDepth 393 (cid:2) 12.2.2 BeyondBending:MechanicsImplementations 394 12.2.3 HarvestingandHarnessingLight 396 12.2.4 SpeedisLimited 396 12.2.5 SystemsDesignandImplementation 398 12.2.6 Applications 398 12.2.6.1 OpticalElements 398 12.2.6.2 MorphingShapesandSurfaces 400 12.2.6.3 Actuation 400 12.3 Conclusion 401 References 401 Index 405 (cid:2) (cid:2) xi ListofContributors RabihO.Al-Kaysi DirkJ.Broer DepartmentofBasicSciences, DepartmentofChemical CollegeofScienceandHealth EngineeringandChemistry Professions InstituteforComplexMolecular KingSaudbinAbdulazizUniversity Systems forHealthSciences TechnicalUniversityofEindhoven Riyadh Eindhoven SaudiArabia Netherlands and (cid:2) OleksandrS.Bushuyev (cid:2) MinistryofNationalGuardHealth DepartmentofChemistry Affairs McGillUniversity KingAbdullahInternationalMedical Montreal ResearchCenter Canada Riyadh SaudiArabia DanielCorbett SchoolofChemicalEngineeringand ChristopherJ.Bardeen AnalyticalScience DepartmentofChemistry TheUniversityofManchester UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside Manchester Riverside,CA UK USA ChristopherJ.Barrett TomikiIkeda DepartmentofChemistry ResearchandDevelopmentInitiative McGillUniversity ChuoUniversity Montreal Tokyo Canada Japan (cid:2)
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