Phosphorus in Action: Biological Processes in Soil Phosphorus Cycling PDF
Preview Phosphorus in Action: Biological Processes in Soil Phosphorus Cycling
Soil Biology Volume 26 Series Editor Ajit Varma, Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, India For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5138 . Else K. Bu¨nemann Astrid Oberson l l Emmanuel Frossard Editors Phosphorus in Action Biological Processes in Soil Phosphorus Cycling Editors Dr.ElseK.Bu¨nemann Dr.AstridOberson ETHZurich ETHZurich GroupofPlantNutrition,InstituteofPlant, GroupofPlantNutrition,InstituteofPlant, AnimalandAgro-ecosystemSciences AnimalandAgro-ecosystemSciences Eschikon33 Eschikon33 8315Lindau 8315Lindau Switzerland Switzerland [email protected] [email protected] Prof.Dr.EmmanuelFrossard ETHZurich GroupofPlantNutrition,InstituteofPlant, AnimalandAgro-ecosystemSciences Eschikon33 8315Lindau Switzerland [email protected] ISSN1613-3382 ISBN978-3-642-15270-2 e-ISBN978-3-642-15271-9 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-15271-9 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork #Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverdesign:SPiPublisherServices Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all living organisms. In terrestrial eco- systems, P is often the most limiting nutrient. Due to human alteration of the P cycle,pollutionwithexcessPisprevalentinmanyaquaticecosystemsandcanalso affect biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems. Because economically mineable P depositsarefinite,abettermanagementofthePcycleismandatory.Thisrequires agoodunderstandingoftheprocessesofsoilPdynamics. SoilPoccurs ininorganicandorganicforms.FormsofPinthemineralphase, the physicochemical processes of sorption and desorption, and their effects on P cycling andavailability are well known and predictable. Organic P forms are less wellcharacterizedandthebiologicalprocesses(e.g.,mineralizationandimmobili- zation) affect P dynamics to varying and often unknown degrees. In addition, the interactionsofPdynamicswithcarbonandnitrogenarenotwellunderstood. ThechemicalcharacterizationoforganicPanditsdynamicsinterrestrialaswell asaquaticenvironmentshavebeenreviewedinabookquiterecently(Turneretal. 2005).Oneconclusionfromthisbookwasthatinformationonthemechanismsand ratesoforganicPtransformationsisurgentlyneededinordertobettermanagesoil organic P. Given the great amount of information included in this “Organic P Bible”,wehesitatedwhenwewereaskedbytheserieseditorAjitVarmatopublish a book on P in the Springer Series on Soil Biology. However, we realized that significantprogresshasbeenmadeinthelast5years,andthatitwasindeedtimely tocollecttheexistinginformationonthebiologicalprocessesinsoilPcyclingand present the state of the art. Measuring the rates of any reaction in soil is a step towardsunderstandingthe“action”,andthereforewedecidedthatourbookshould focuson‘phosphorusinaction’. We planned three sections: one on methods, one on processes, and one on ecosystems and management. We asked the authors to present case studies rather than a complete review of the topic, wherever appropriate. We also asked the authorstoconsidertwoaspectsinparticular:(1)thattheroleofbiologicalprocesses insoilPcyclinghastobeexaminedagainsttheavailabilityofinorganicPresulting fromphysicochemicalprocessesand(2)thatinteractionsbetweencarbon,nitrogen, v vi Preface and P have to be examined to fully understand similarities and differences of P cyclingtothecyclingoftheotherelements.Lastly,authorswereaskedtopointout gapsinmethodsandunderstanding. We are extremely grateful to all authors for contributing such an impressive numberofhighqualitychapters.Somechapterswerewrittenbyscientistswhohave beenworkingtogetherbefore.Inotherchapters,authorspublishedtogetherforthe firsttimeandfoundtheexchangeofideasduringthepreparationstimulating.Some chapters present the state-of-the-art of topics that have been reviewed previously. Other topics have never been summarized before and the authors thus compiled trulyoriginalchapters. As a teaser for the book, we would like to point out some of its highlights (Table1).Toourminds,thistableisanattempttoassesstheprogressthathasbeen made in the field, but of course you will find much more in-depth and significant informationwithineachchapter.Attheendofthebook,wehavetriedtodrawsome generalconclusionsandtosummarizethemainresearchneeds. Table1 Editors’choiceofhighlightsineachchapter Chapter Authors Highlight 1 Dooletteand Usefulsummaryoftherelativemeritsofsolutionandsolidstate Smernik 31Pnuclearmagneticresonance(NMR),andX-rayabsorption nearedgestructure(XANES)intermsofsamplepreparation, sensitivity,resolutionandquantification 2 Bu¨nemannetal. NoveldataonPformsinmicrobialcellsextractedfromsoil,i.e. cellsthatgrewinsitu,includingnon-culturablesoil microorganisms 3 Frossardetal. Firstcombinedreviewofradioactiveandstableisotopesinthe studyofPcycling,alsosummarizingrecentprogressinthe measurementofgrossandnetorganicPmineralizationrates 4 Wasakiand Informativetablelistingthemoleculartoolstostudysoil Maruyama Pcyclingandapplicationsinthepioneeringstudiesdone inthepast10years 5 Schnepfetal. Threemodelingcasestudiesasexcellentexamplesofhowthe mostimportantprocessesofPcyclinginsoil-plantsystems canbeidentifiedandquantifiedondifferenttemporaland spatialscales 6 Jansaetal. Stimulatinginformationontheaccessibilityofdifferentsoil Pformsbyarbuscularmycorrhizalandectomycorrhizalfungi 7 JonesandOburger ThoroughsummaryofmechanismsofPsolubilizationbysoil microorganisms 8 Chapuis-Lardyetal. Interestingpresentationoftheroleofearthworms’surfacecasts andtermitemounds,respectively,inPtransferanderosion 9 Nannipierietal. Criticalexaminationofthelimitationsofconventionalenzyme assays 10 Georgeetal. Eye-openingsectionontheco-ordinationofplantresponsesto variationsinPsupply 11 Jouanyetal. Noteworthyfigureillustratingthatagrasslandswardismore efficientinconvertingnitrogenintobiomassundernon- limitingthanunderlimitingPsupply 12 Weintraub ComprehensivesectiononPlimitationinarcticandalpinesoils, includingresultsfromfertilizationstudies (continued) Preface vii Table1 (continued) Chapter Authors Highlight 13 Foxetal. ConcisesummaryofPcyclingandmanagementintemperate forestplantations 14 Reedetal. OriginalsectionontheimplicationsofPlimitationontropical forestsunderclimateandlandusechange 15 Belnap Novelcasestudyontheinteractionbetweenexoticannual grassesandsoilPavailabilitythatexemplifieseffectsof invasiveplantsonPavailability 16 DaoandSchwartz DetaileddescriptionofPtransformationsinsemi-solidandliquid manures 17 Obersonetal. ComprehensivetablecomparingthePstatusandvarious measurementsofbiologicalPcyclinginafieldexperiment underorganicorconventionalmanagement 18 Tiessenetal. Eye-openingdescriptionofhowglobalchangeaffectsPcycling andviceversa,whichinessenceisapleaformuchmore efficientPuseeverywhereintheworld Finally, we would like to acknowledge everyone who has contributed to this book. All 63 authors deserve a very warm thank you for their willingness to contribute, the many hours of work that went into each chapter, and for the excellent communication with us. We had been warned that we would have to writemanyreminders,butinfactitwasaverypositiveexperienceforustowork withthese18leadingauthors. Eachchapterwasreviewedbyoneortwoexternalreviewers.Allofthemreadily accepted the task and their efforts helped to improve the quality of the book in a verysignificantway.Thus,wewouldliketothankallofthemfortheirdedication: MarkBakker,INRABordeaux DavidE.Bignell,QueenMary,UniversityofLondon RuthE.Blake,YaleUniversity BarbaraJ.Cade-Menun,AgricultureandAgri-FoodCanada CoryCleveland,UniversityofMontana PeterCornish,UniversityofWesternSydney TimCrews,PrescottCollege,Arizona WarwickJ.Dougherty,PrimaryIndustries,IndustryandInvestmentNSW ReinerGiesler,Umea˚ University GuyKirk,CranfieldUniversity EllenKandeler,HohenheimUniversity PetraMarschner,UniversityofAdelaide RoelMerckx,KatholiekeUniversiteitLeuven MikeMcLaughlin,CSIROLandandWater,Adelaide ClaudePlassard,INRAMontpellier AlanRichardson,CSIROPlantIndustry,Canberra Peter Schweiger, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna RobertSinsabaugh,UniversityofNewMexico HarryOldeVenterink,ETHZurich PeterVitousek,StanfordUniversity viii Preface Jutta Lindenborn and the entire staff at Springer (including Mr. Balamurugan Elumalai and his team at SPi Technologies India Private Ltd.) were extremely helpful during the publishing process. Cornelia Bu¨hlmann and Kathrin von Arx thoroughlycheckedtheformalaspectsandreferencelistsofeachchapter.Lastbut notleast,wethankAjitVarmaforinitiatingthisbook. Lindau,Switzerland ElseK.Bu¨nemann AstridOberson EmmanuelFrossard Reference Turner BL, Frossard E, Baldwin DS (2005) Organic phosphorus in the environment. CABI, Wallingford Contents PartI Methods 1 SoilOrganicPhosphorusSpeciationUsingSpectroscopic Techniques .................................................................. 3 AshleaL.DooletteandRonaldJ.Smernik 2 CharacterizationofPhosphorusFormsinSoilMicroorganisms ...... 37 ElseK.Bu¨nemann,BartlomiejPrusisz,andKnutEhlers 3 TheUseofTracerstoInvestigatePhosphateCycling inSoil–PlantSystems ..................................................... 59 EmmanuelFrossard,DavidL.Achat,StefanoM.Bernasconi, ElseK.Bu¨nemann,Jean-ClaudeFardeau,JanJansa,ChristianMorel, LiliaRabeharisoa,LalajaonaRandriamanantsoa,SokratSinaj,Federica Tamburini,andAstridOberson 4 MolecularApproachestotheStudyofBiologicalPhosphorus Cycling ..................................................................... 93 JunWasakiandHayatoMaruyama 5 ModellingPhosphorusDynamicsintheSoil–PlantSystem ........... 113 AndreaSchnepf,DanielLeitner,SabineKlepsch,SylvainPellerin, andAlainMollier PartII Processes 6 RoleofMycorrhizalSymbiosesinPhosphorusCycling .............. 137 JanJansa,RogerFinlay,Ha˚kanWallander,F.AndrewSmith, andSallyE.Smith 7 SolubilizationofPhosphorusbySoilMicroorganisms ................ 169 DavidL.JonesandEvaOburger ix x Contents 8 RoleofSoilMacrofaunainPhosphorusCycling ..................... 199 LydieChapuis-Lardy,Rene´e-ClaireLeBayon,MichelBrossard, DaniloLo´pez-Herna´ndez,andEricBlanchart 9 RoleofPhosphataseEnzymesinSoil ................................. 215 P.Nannipieri,L.Giagnoni,L.Landi,andG.Renella 10 PhosphorusNutrition:RhizosphereProcesses,PlantResponse andAdaptations ......................................................... 245 TimS.George,Ann-MariFransson,JohnP.Hammond, andPhilipJ.White PartIII EcosystemsandManagement 11 BiologicalPhosphorusCyclinginGrasslands:Interactions withNitrogen ............................................................ 275 ClaireJouany,PabloCruz,TanguyDaufresne,andMichelDuru 12 BiologicalPhosphorusCyclinginArcticandAlpineSoils .......... 295 MichaelN.Weintraub 13 PhosphorusNutritionofForestPlantations:TheRole ofInorganicandOrganicPhosphorus ................................ 317 ThomasR.Fox,BradleyW.Miller,RafaelRubilar,JoseL.Stape, andTimothyJ.Albaugh 14 PhosphorusCyclinginTropicalForestsGrowingonHighly WeatheredSoils ......................................................... 339 SashaC.Reed,AlanR.Townsend,PhilipG.Taylor, andCoryC.Cleveland 15 BiologicalPhosphorusCyclinginDrylandRegions .................. 371 JayneBelnap 16 EffectsofManureManagementonPhosphorus BiotransformationsandLossesDuringAnimalProduction ......... 407 ThanhH.DaoandRobertC.Schwartz 17 ManagementImpactsonBiologicalPhosphorusCycling inCroppedSoils ........................................................ 431 AstridOberson,PieterPypers,ElseK.Bu¨nemann, andEmmanuelFrossard 18 PhosphorusandGlobalChange ....................................... 459 HolmTiessen,MariaVictoriaBallester,andIgnacioSalcedo Appendix–GeneralConclusions ........................................... 473 Index .......................................................................... 477
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