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Phonological encoding in English language production Anna Cecylia O'Reilly PDF

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Word reading and picture naming: Phonological encoding in English language production Anna Cecylia O’Reilly A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of East London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2013 i Abstract In Roelofs‟ (2004) form preparation study examining processes involved in both word reading and picture naming, he concluded that phonological encoding mechanisms might be shared for the two tasks. Importantly, in his earlier form preparation research Roelofs (1999) argued that phonemic features are not involved during phonological encoding and indeed, most current models of general language production such as Word-form Encoding by Activation and VERification (WEAVER, e.g., Roelofs, 1997a) account for the role of phonemic features once the phonological encoding process has been completed. However, whilst Kinoshita‟s (2000) re-interpretation of the locus of the masked onset priming effect (MOPE) implies an encoding process for word reading that is similar to that incorporated into WEAVER (e.g., Roelofs, 1997a) and by extension to picture naming, Lukatela, Eaton and Turvey‟s (2001) results suggest that features may well be involved in the word reading processes. The main purpose of the research undertaken within this thesis was to evaluate phonological encoding for both word reading and picture naming to assess the validity of Roelofs‟ (2004) claims. This was conducted with the employment of the masked priming paradigm as well as the masked sandwich priming paradigm and by the manipulation of phonemic feature overlap in both the initial and end/coda segment position of primes and monosyllabic targets. From the cumulative results of this research, the notion that encoding mechanisms might be shared between these two tasks could not be ruled out. Importantly, phonemic feature effects were consistently observed across both word reading (with lexical primes) and picture naming. Controversially, these particular findings suggest that conventional thinking is misguided to ignore the role of phonemic features during the phonological encoding process. ii CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction, outline and models of general language production & word reading 1.1. Introduction ………..……………………………...……….……………………… 1 1.2. Outline ……………………………………………...……………………………... 6 1.3. Models of general language production ……………...…………………………… 7 1.3.1. Segmental models ……………………………………………………….. 7 1.3.1.1. Dell‟s (1986) model..………………………………………….… 7 1.3.1.2. Word-form Encoding by Activation and VERification (WEAVER; Levelt, Roelofs & Meyer, 1999; Roelofs, 1992, 1996b, . 1997a, 1997b) model ……………………………...…………………… 14 1.3.2. Feature based model ………………………………...…………………. 20 1.3.2.1. Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP; Dell, Juliano & Govindjee, 1993) model……………………………............................. 20 1.4. Word reading models ……………………………………………...…………….. 27 1.4.1. Segmental models ……………………………………………………… 27 1.4.1.1. Dual Route Cascaded (DRC; Coltheart, Rastle, Perry, Langdon & Ziegler, 2001) model……………………………………...………... 27 1.4.1.2. Connectionist Dual Processing (CDP+; Perry, Ziegler & Zorzi, 2007) model …………………………………………………...……… 36 1.4.1.3. Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP; Plaut, McClelland, Seidenberg & Patterson, 1996) model …………………………......…. 43 1.5. Conclusions …………………………………………………………………....… 49 iii Chapter 2. A critical review of masked priming research 2.1. Chapter overview ………………………………………………………………… 50 2.2. Masked priming paradigm ……………………………………………………….. 52 2.2.1. General procedure ………………………………...…………………… 52 2.2.2. The lexical entry opening account of masked priming ……...………… 53 2.2.3. Evidence against the lexical entry opening account …………...………. 56 2.2.4. Episodic memory versus an automatic and subconsciously driven account of masked priming effects – evidence for the latter explanation…..… 60 2.2.5. Grainger and Ferrand‟s (1996) account of masked priming effects ...…. 63 2.2.6. The masked onset priming effect (MOPE) …………………………….. 69 2.2.7. Kinoshita‟s (2000) re-interpretation of the locus of the MOPE ……...... 75 2.2.8. Schiller‟s (2004, 2008) masked priming research ……………………... 83 2.2.9. The role of phonemic feature similarity ……………………...……...… 88 2.3. Conclusions …………………………………………………………………….... 92 Chapter 3. General method 3.1. Overview ………………………………………………………...……………..... 94 3.2. Participants ………………………………………………………...…………...... 94 3.3. Design ………………………………………………………………...………….. 95 3.4. Stimuli …………………………………………………………………...………. 98 3.5. Procedure …………………………………………………………………......… 102 3.6. Analysis …………………………………………………………………...…..... 105 iv Chapter 4. Masked priming effects when manipulating phonemic features in the initial segment position of monosyllabic words and pictures 4.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………...……………... 107 4.2. Experiment 1 – Single segment onset primes …………………………………... 110 4.2.1. Introduction ………………………………………………...………… 110 4.2.2. Method ………………………………………………………………... 111 4.2.2.1. Participants ……………………………………………...….. 112 4.2.2.2. Design & Stimuli…………………………………………..... 112 4.2.2.3. Procedure …………………………………………………… 113 4.2.3. Results …………………………………………………………...…… 114 4.2.4. Discussion …………………………………………………………….. 116 4.3. Experiment 2 – Word primes ………………………………………………...… 118 4.3.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………... 118 4.3.2. Method ………………………………………………………………... 120 4.3.2.1. Participants …………………………………………………. 120 4.3.2.2. Design & Stimuli ………………………………………........ 121 4.3.2.3. Procedure ………………………………………………….... 122 4.3.3. Results ……………………………………………………………...… 123 4.3.4. Discussion …………………………………………………………….. 125 4.4. Experiment 3 – Non-word primes …………………………………………….... 130 4.4.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………... 130 4.4.2. Method ………………………………………………………………... 132 4.4.2.1. Participants …………………………………………………. 132 4.4.2.2. Design & Stimuli ………………………………………….... 132 v 4.4.2.3. Procedure ………………………………………………….... 134 4.4.3. Results ……………………………………………………………....... 134 4.4.4. Discussion ……………………………………………………………. 137 4.5. General discussion ……………………………………………………………… 138 Chapter 5. Masked priming effects when manipulating phonemic features in the end/coda segment position of monosyllabic words and pictures 5.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………...... 149 5.2. Experiment 4 – Single segment coda primes ………………………………....... 153 5.2.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………...… 153 5.2.2. Method …………………………………………………………......… 156 5.2.2.1. Participants …………………………………………………. 156 5.2.2.2. Design & Stimuli ………………………………………….... 156 5.2.2.3. Procedure …………………………………………………… 157 5.2.3. Results ……………………………………………………………...… 158 5.2.4. Discussion ……………………………………………………………. 160 5.3. Experiment 5 – Word primes …………...……………………………….……... 162 5.3.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………....... 162 5.3.2. Method ………………………………………...……………………… 165 5.3.2.1. Participants …………………………………………….….... 165 5.3.2.2. Design & Stimuli …………………………………………… 165 5.3.2.3. Procedure …………………………………………………… 166 5.3.3. Results ………………………………………………………………... 167 5.3.4. Discussion ……………………………………………………………. 169 vi 5.4. Experiment 6 – Non-word primes ……………………………………………… 171 5.4.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………...… 171 5.4.2. Method …………………………………………………...…………… 173 5.4.2.1. Participants …………………………………………………. 173 5.4.2.2. Design & Stimuli ………………………………………….... 173 5.4.2.3. Procedure ………………………………………………….... 174 5.4.3. Results ……………………………………………………………...… 175 5.4.4. Discussion ……………………………………………………………. 176 5.5. General discussion ……………………………………………………………… 177 Chapter 6. Masked sandwich priming effects when manipulating phonemic feature similarity in the initial and end/coda segment positions of non-word primes with both word and picture targets 6.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………...…... 182 6.2. Experiment 7 – Manipulation of phonemic feature overlap in the initial segment position of non-word primes with both word and picture targets ………………...… 185 6.2.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………... 185 6.2.2. Method ……………………………………………………...………… 188 6.2.2.1. Participants …………………………………………………. 188 6.2.2.2. Design ………………………………………………………. 188 6.2.2.3. Stimuli ……………………………………………………… 188 6.2.2.4. Procedure ………………………………………………….... 189 6.2.3. Results ……………………………………………………………...… 189 6.2.4. Discussion …………………………………………………………….. 192 vii 6.3. Experiment 8 – Manipulation of phonemic feature overlap in the coda segment position of non-word primes with both word and picture targets ……………...….... 198 6.3.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………...… 198 6.3.2. Method …………………………………………………………......… 201 6.3.2.1. Participants …………………………………………………. 201 6.3.2.2. Design ………………………………………………………. 201 6.3.2.3. Stimuli …………………………………………………….... 201 6.3.2.4. Procedure ………………………………………………….... 202 6.3.4. Results ……………………………………………………………...… 202 6.3.5. Discussion …………………………………………………………….. 204 6.4. General discussion ……………………………………………………………… 205 Chapter 7. Aims revisited, summary of findings, future directions and conclusions 7.1. Chapter outline ………………………………………………………...……….. 211 7.2. Aims revisited …………………………...……………………………………… 211 7.3. Summary of findings …………………………………………………………… 214 7.3.1. Experiments 1 to 3 ……………………………………………………. 214 7.3.2. Experiments 4 to 6 ……………………………………………………. 216 7.3.3. Experiments 7 and 8 ………………………………………………….. 217 7.4. The data from Experiments 1 – 8 and phonological encoding …………………. 220 7.4.1. The word reading data from Experiments 1 to 8 and phonological encoding ………………………………………………………………......… 220 7.4.2. The picture naming data from Experiments 1 to 8 and phonological encoding…………………………………………………………………...… 231 viii 7.5. The notion of shared phonological encoding mechanisms for both word reading and picture naming ………………………………………………………………………. 239 7.6. Future research …………………………………………………………………. 242 7.7. Conclusions ………………………………………………………………......… 246 References ………………………………………………………………………... 249 Appendices Appendix A – An example of a consent form and participants‟ instructions ……..... 257 Appendix B – Stimuli used in Experiment 1 …………………………………….…. 262 Appendix C – Stimuli used in Experiment 2 ……………………………………….. 264 Appendix D – Stimuli used in Experiments 3 & 7 …………………………………. 266 Appendix E – Stimuli used in Experiment 4 ……………………………………….. 268 Appendix F – Stimuli used in Experiment 5 ……………………………………….. 270 Appendix G – Stimuli used in Experiments 6 & 8 …………………………………. 271 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Means for the control variables of the single segment onset primes in the Identical, Feature and Unrelated conditions of Experiment 1 ………………...…….. 113 Table 2 Mean Naming Latencies (RT, in Milliseconds), Standard Deviations (SD), Percentage Errors (%E) and Mean Priming Effects (PE, in Milliseconds) for both word reading and picture naming in all four priming conditions for Experiment 1……...... 114 Table 3 Means for the control variables of the word primes in the Identical, Feature and Unrelated conditions of Experiment 2 ………………………………………………. 122 Table 4 Mean Naming Latencies (RT, in Milliseconds), Standard Deviations (SD), Percentage Errors (%E) and Mean Priming Effects (PE, in Milliseconds) for both word reading and picture naming in all four priming conditions for Experiment 2.....……. 123 Table 5 Means for the Control Variables of the non-word primes in the Identical, Feature and Unrelated conditions of Experiment 3 …………………………………. 133 Table 6 Mean Naming Latencies (RT, in Milliseconds), Standard Deviations (SD), Percentage Errors (%E) and Mean Priming Effects (PE, in Milliseconds) for both word reading and picture naming in all four priming conditions for Experiment 3……..… 135 Table 7 Means for the control variables of the single segment coda primes in the Identical, Feature and Unrelated conditions of Experiment 4 …………………….… 157 x

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Last but not least, I wish to thank my darling daughter Annabel for her love, support, understanding and patience. I only hope that one day she will be as proud of me as I am of her. Page 14. 1. CHAPTER 1: Introduction, outline and models of general language production & word reading. 1.1. Introduc
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