Phased Array Antennas, Second Edition

556 Pages·2010·33.27 MB·English

by  R. C. Hansen(auth.)

Phased Array
Antennas

Phased Array
Antennas
Second Edition
R. C. HANSEN
Consulting Engineer R. C. Hansen, Inc.
www.rchansen.com
Copyright#2009byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved
PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey
PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformor
byanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermitted
underSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwritten
permissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetothe
CopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,[phone],fax(978)
750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbe
addressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,
[phone],fax[phone],oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsin
preparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompleteness
ofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessfor
aparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysalesrepresentativesorwrittensales
materials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshould
consultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthorshallbeliableforanylossof
profitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,or
otherdamages.
Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontactour
CustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat
[phone]orfax(317)572-4002.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmay
notbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteat
www.wiley.com.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Hansen,RobertC.
Phasedarrayantennas/R.C.Hansen.—2nded.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-40102-6(cloth)
1. Microwaveantennas. 2. Phasedarrayantennas. I. Title.
TK7871.67.M53H36 2009
621.38204—dc22
2009033994
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ThisbookisdedicatedtothosewhomadeMicrowaveScanning
Antennaspossible:
NicolasA.Begovich
RobertW.Bickmore
JesseL.Butler
LorneK.DeSize
RobertS.Elliott
RichardC.Johnson
H.C.Ko
WolfgangH.Kummer
RobertG.Malech
DonaldL.Margerum
ArthurA.Oliner
JackF.Ramsay
JosephA.Vitale
Contents
Preface to the First Edition xv
Preface to the Second Edition xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 ArrayBackground 1
1.2 SystemsFactors 2
1.3 AnnotatedReferenceSources 3
1.3.1 AdaptiveAntennaReferenceBooks 5
References 5
2 Basic Array Characteristics 7
2.1 UniformlyExcitedLinearArrays 7
2.1.1 Patterns 7
2.1.2 Beamwidth 9
2.1.3 Sidelobes 11
2.1.4 GratingLobes 11
2.1.5 Bandwidth 15
2.2 PlanarArrays 17
2.2.1 ArrayCoordinates 17
2.2.2 Beamwidth 18
2.2.3 GratingLobes:RectangularLattice 21
2.2.4 GratingLobes:HexagonalLattice 23
2.3 BeamSteeringandQuantizationLobes 25
2.3.1 SteeringIncrement 25
2.3.2 SteeringBandwidth 26
2.3.3 TimeDelayDeployment 27
vii
viii CONTENTS
2.3.4 PhaserQuantizationLobes 28
2.3.5 Sub-arrayQuantizationLobes 32
2.3.6 QLDecollimation:OverlappedSub-arrays 35
2.4 Directivity 36
2.4.1 LinearArrayDirectivity 36
2.4.2 DirectivityofArraysofShortDipoles 39
2.4.3 DirectivityofArraysofResonantElements 40
2.4.4 PlanarArrayDirectivity 42
References 46
3 Linear Array Pattern Synthesis 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.1.1 PatternFormulations 49
3.1.2 PhysicsversusMathematics 51
3.1.3 TaylorNarrow-BeamDesignPrinciples 52
3.2 Dolph–ChebyshevArrays 53
3.2.1 Half-WaveSpacing 53
3.2.2 SpacingLessThanHalf-Wave 59
3.3 TaylorOne-ParameterDistribution 60
3.3.1 One-ParameterDesign 60
3.3.2 Bickmore–Spellmire
Two-ParameterDistribution 65
3.4 TaylorN-BarApertureDistribution 66
3.5 Low-SidelobeDistributions 72
3.5.1 ComparisonofDistributions 72
3.5.2 AverageSidelobeLevel 75
3.6 VilleneuveN-BarArrayDistribution 76
3.7 DifferencePatterns 79
3.7.1 CanonicalPatterns 79
3.7.2 BaylissPatterns 81
3.7.3 SumandDifferenceOptimization 85
3.7.4 DiscreteZolotarevDistributions 87
3.8 SidelobeEnvelopeShaping 89
3.9 ShapedBeamSynthesis 92
3.9.1 Woodward–LawsonSynthesis 92
3.9.2 ElliottSynthesis 94
3.10 ThinnedArrays 98
3.10.1 ProbabilisticDesign 98
3.10.2 SpaceTapering 102
3.10.3 MinimumRedundancyArrays 103
Acknowledgment 104
References 104
CONTENTS ix
4 Planar and Circular Array Pattern Synthesis 109
4.1 CircularPlanarArrays 109
4.1.1 FlatPlaneSlotArrays 109
4.1.2 HansenOne-ParameterPattern 110
4.1.3 TaylorCircularn¯ Pattern 114
4.1.4 CircularBaylissDifferencePattern 118
4.1.5 DifferencePatternOptimization 123
4.2 NoncircularApertures 125
4.2.1 Two-DimensionalOptimization 125
4.2.2 RingSidelobeSynthesis 126
Acknowledgment 127
References 127
5 Array Elements 129
5.1 Dipoles 129
5.1.1 ThinDipoles 129
5.1.2 Bow-TieandOpen-SleeveDipoles 136
5.2 WaveguideSlots 139
5.2.1 BroadWallLongitudinalSlots 140
5.2.2 EdgeSlots 145
5.2.3 StriplineSlots 147
5.2.4 Open-EndWaveguides 147
5.2.5 SubstrateIntegratedWaveguide 148
5.3 TEMHorns 149
5.3.1 DevelopmentofTEMHorns 149
5.3.2 AnalysisandDesignofHorns 151
5.3.3 TEMHornArrays 152
5.3.4 MillimeterWaveAntennas 153
5.4 MicrostripPatchesandDipoles 154
5.4.1 TransmissionLineModel 157
5.4.2 CavityandOtherModels 159
5.4.3 ParasiticPatchAntennas 159
5.4.4 Balanced-FedPatches 163
Acknowledgments 163
References 163
6 Array Feeds 171
6.1 SeriesFeeds 171
6.1.1 ResonantArrays 171
6.1.1.1 ImpedanceandBandwidth 171
6.1.1.2 ResonantSlotArrayDesign 176
x CONTENTS
6.1.2 TravelingWaveArrays 178
6.1.2.1 FrequencySquintandSingle-BeamCondition 178
6.1.2.2 CalculationofElementConductance 181
6.1.2.3 TWSlotArrayDesign 185
6.1.3 FrequencyScanning 188
6.1.4 PhaserScanning 193
6.2 Shunt (Parallel)Feeds 194
6.2.1 CorporateFeeds 194
6.2.2 DistributedArrays 196
6.3 Two-DimensionalFeeds 197
6.3.1 Fixed-BeamArrays 197
6.3.2 SequentialExcitationArrays 199
6.3.3 ElectronicScaninOnePlane 199
6.3.4 ElectronicScaninTwoPlanes 201
6.4 PhotonicFeedSystems 207
6.4.1 FiberOpticDelayFeeds 207
6.4.1.1 BinaryDelayLines 207
6.4.1.2 Acousto-OpticalSwitchedDelay 209
6.4.1.3 ModulatorsandPhotodetectors 210
6.4.2 WavelengthDivisionFiberDelay 211
6.4.2.1 DispersiveFiberDelay 211
6.4.2.2 BraggFiberGratingDelay 212
6.4.2.3 TravelingWaveFiberDelay 212
6.4.3 OpticalDelay 213
6.4.4 OpticalFourierTransform 213
6.5 SystematicErrors 214
6.5.1 ParallelPhasers 214
6.5.2 SeriesPhasers 215
6.5.3 SystematicErrorCompensation 216
Acknowledgments 216
References 216
7 Mutual Coupling 221
7.1 Introduction 221
7.2 FundamentalsofScanningArrays 221
7.2.1 CurrentSheetModel 221
7.2.2 FreeandForcedExcitations 223
7.2.3 ScanImpedanceandScanElementPattern 225
7.2.3.1 TransmitversusReceiveSEP 228
7.2.3.2 MeasurementofScanImpedance 233
7.2.4 MinimumScatteringAntennas 233
CONTENTS xi
7.3 SpatialDomainApproachestoMutualCoupling 235
7.3.1 CanonicalCouplings 235
7.3.1.1 DipoleandSlotMutualImpedance 235
7.3.1.2 MicrostripPatchMutualImpedance 239
7.3.1.3 HornMutualImpedance 241
7.3.2 ImpedanceMatrixSolution 242
7.3.3 TheGratingLobeSeries 244
7.4 SpectralDomainApproaches 246
7.4.1 DipolesandSlots 246
7.4.2 MicrostripPatches 258
7.4.3 PrintedDipoles 261
7.4.4 PrintedTEMHorns 262
7.4.5 UnitCellSimulators 266
7.5 ScanCompensationandBlindAngles 266
7.5.1 BlindAngles 266
7.5.2 ScanCompensation 269
7.5.2.1 CouplingReduction 269
7.5.2.2 CompensatingFeedNetworks 269
7.5.2.3 MultimodeElements 272
7.5.2.4 ExternalWaveFilter 276
Acknowledgment 276
References 277
8 Finite Arrays 285
8.1 MethodsofAnalysis 285
8.1.1 Overview 285
8.1.2 Finite-by-InfiniteArrays 289
8.2 ScanPerformanceofSmallArrays 293
8.3 Finite-by-InfiniteArrayGibbsianModel 300
8.3.1 SalientScanImpedanceCharacteristics 300
8.3.2 AGibbsianModelforFiniteArrays 310
References 313
9 Superdirective Arrays 317
9.1 HistoricalNotes 317
9.2 MaximumArrayDirectivity 318
9.2.1 BroadsideDirectivityforFixedSpacing 318
9.2.2 DirectivityasSpacingApproachesZero 320
9.2.3 EndfireDirectivity 321
9.2.4 Bandwidth,Efficiency,
andTolerances 322