Phase Diagrams. Materials Science and Technology PDF
Preview Phase Diagrams. Materials Science and Technology
REFRACTORY MATERIALS R E F R A C T O RY M A T E R I A LS AA SSEERRIIEESS OOFF MMOONNOOGGRRAAPPHHSS JJoohhnn LL.. MMaarrggrraavvee,, EEddititoorr DDEEPPAARRTTMMEENNTT OOFF CCHHEEMMIISSTTRRYY RRIICCEE UUNNIIVVEERRSSIITTYY,, HHOOUUSSTTOONN,, TTEEXXAASS VVOOLLUUMMEE 11.. LL.. RR.. MMCcCCRreEiIGghHtT, ,HH.. WW. .RRaAuUcChH, ,SSrR.,. ,anadn dWW. .HH. .SSuUtTtToOn N CCeerraammiicc aanndd GGrraapphhiittee FFiibbeerrss aanndd WWhhiisskkeerrss AA SSuurrvveey yooff tthhee TeTcehchnnoollooggyy VVOOLLUUMMEE 22.. EEDdMmUuNndD KK.. SSTtoOrRmMsS TThhee RReeffrraaccttoorryy CCaarrbbiiddeess VVOOLLUUMMEE 33.. HH.. WW.. RRaAuUcChH, ,SSrR.,. ,WW. .HH. .SSuUtTtoTOn,N a,nadn dL.L R. .R .MMcCCCrReEigIGhHt T CCeerraammiicc FFiibbeerrss aanndd FFiibbrroouuss CCoommppoossiittee MMaatteerriiaallss VVOOLLUUMMEE 44.. LLAaRrRryY KKaAuUfFmMaAnN aanndd HHaArRoOldL DBBeErRnNsStTeEinI N CCoommppuutteerr CCaallccuullaattiioonn ooff PPhhaassee DDiiaaggrraammss WWiitthh SSppeecciaial l RReeffeerreenncec e ttoo RReeffrraacctotroyr y MMeettaallss VVOOLLUUMMEE 55.. AALlLleEnN MM.. AAlLpPeErR, ,EEdditiotor r HHiigghh TTeemmppeerraattuurree OOxxiiddeess PPaarrtt II:: MMaaggnneessiiaa,, LLiimmee,, aanndd CChhrroommee RReeffrraaccttoorriieess PPaarrtt IIII:: OOxxiiddeess ooff RRaarree EEaarrtthhss,, TTiittaanniiuumm,, ZZiirrccoonniiuumm,, HHaaffnniiuumm,, NNiioobbiiuumm,, aanndd TTaannttaalluumm PPaarrtt IIIIII:: MMaaggnneessiiaa,, AAlluummiinnaa,, BBeerryylllliiaa CCeerraammiiccss:: FFaabbrriiccaattiioonn,, CChhaarraacctteerriizzaattiioonn,, aanndd PPrrooppeerrttiieess PPaarrtt IIVV:: RReeffrraaccttoorryy GGllaasssseess,.. GGllaassss—-CCeerraammiiccss,, aanndd CCeerraammiiccss VVOOLLUUMMEE 66.. AALlLleEnN MM.. AAlLpPeErR, ,EEdditiotor r PPhhaassee DDiiaaggrraammss:: MMaatteerriiaallss SScciieennccee aanndd TTeecchhnnoollooggyy VVoolluummee II:: TThheeoorryy,, PPrriinncciipplleess,, aanndd TTeecchhnniiqquueess ooff PPhhaassee DDiiaaggrraammss VVoolluummee IIII:: TThhee UUssee ooff PPhhaassee DDiiaaggrraammss iinn MMeettaall,, RReeffrraaccttoorryy,, CCeerraammiicc,, aanndd CCeemmeenntt TTeecchhnnoollooggyy VVoolluummee IIIIII:: TThhee UUssee ooff PPhhaassee DDiiaaggrraammss iinn EElleeccttrroonniicc MMaatteerriiaallss aanndd GGllaassss TTeecchhnnoollooggyy VVoolluummee IIVV:: TThhee UUssee ooff PPhhaassee DDiiaaggrraammss iinn TTeecchhnniiccaall MMaatteerriiaallss VVOOLLUUMMEE 77.. LLOoUuIiSs EE.. TTOoTthH TTrraannssiittiioonn MMeettaall CCaarrbbiiddeess aanndd NNiittrriiddeess P H A SE D I A G R A MS MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Edited by A L L EN M. ALPER GTE Sylvania Incorporated Precision Materials Group Chemical and Metallurgical Division Towanda, Pennsylvania V O L U ME IV The Use of Phase Diagrams in Technical Materials 1976 ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers COPYRIGHT © 1976, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York1 000 3 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 Library o fC ongressC ataloging in PublicationD ata Main entry under title: Phase diagrams -.materials science and technology. (Refractory materials, v. 6) Includes bibliographical references. CONTENTS: v. 1. Theory, principles, and techniques of phase diagrams.-v. 2. The use of phase diagrams in metals, refractory, ceramic, and cement technology - v. 3. The use of phase diagrams in electronic materials and glass technology. [etc.] 1. Phase diagrams. I. Alper, Allen M. (date) ed. QD503.P48 541'.363 76-15326 ISBN 0-12-053204-2 (v. 4) PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO MY FATHER Joseph Alper who always encouraged me to be interested in science and engineering. List of Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. CHARLES F. CHENOT (161), Chemical and Metallurgical Division, GTE Sylvania Incorporated, Subsidiary of General Telephone and Elec tronics, Towanda, Pennsylvania ARNOLD REISMAN (1), IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York THOMAS O. SEDGWICK (1), IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York KARL E. SPEAR (91), Materials Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania H. J. VAN HOOK (193), Raytheon Company, Research Division, Waltham, Massachusetts JAMES WHITE (233), Department of Ceramics with Refractories Tech nology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England ix Foreword Perhaps no area of science is regarded as basic in so many disciplines as that concerned with phase transitions, phase diagrams, and the phase rule. Geologists, ceramists, physicists, metallurgists, materials scientists, chemical engineers, and chemists all make wide use of phase separations and phase diagrams in developing and interpreting their fields. New techniques, new theories, computer methods, and an infinity of new materials have created many problems and opportunities which were not at all obvious to early researchers. Paradoxically, formal courses and modern, authoritative books have not been available to meet their needs. Since it is the aim of this series to provide a set of modern reference volumes for various aspects of materials technology, and especially for refractory materials, it was logical for Dr. Allen Alper to undertake this new coverage of "Phase Diagrams: Materials Science and Technology" by bringing together research ideas and innovative approaches from diverse fields as presented by active contributors to the research literature. It is my feeling that this extensive and intensive treatment of phase diagrams and related phenomena will call attention to the many techniques and ideas which are available for use in the many materials-oriented disciplines. JOHN L. MARGRAVE xi Preface This volume is a continuation of the phase diagrams series on materials science and technology. This field is growing very rapidly and much research is currently being done on the relationship of materials to phase diagrams. Technologists are able to use phase diagrams in the development of new materials and the improvement of existing materials. A knowledge of phase diagrams enables the scientist to tailor-make his materials, to control the structure and compositions of critical phases. This volume contains excellent chapters by scientists who are making important discoveries in their related fields. The chapters are of particular interest to those in the fields of chemical vapor deposition, luminescent materials, electronic materials, borides, and refractory oxides. The editor wishes to acknowledge the help of Professor John L. Margrave of Rice University and Mrs. Elizabeth J. Towner of GTE Sylvania. The editor also wishes to thank GTE Sylvania for helping to make this volume possible and the contributors for their excellent chapters. xiii Contents of Other Volumes Volume I: Theory, Principles, and Techniques of Phase Diagrams I. Thermodynamics of Phase Diagrams Υ. K. Rao II. Computer Calculations of Refractory Metal Phase Diagrams Larry Kaufman and Harold Bernstein III. The Methods of Phase Equilibria Determination and Their As sociated Problems 7. B. MacChesney and P. E. Rosenberg IV. Interpretation of Phase Diagrams H. C. Yeh V. The Use of Phase Diagrams in Solidification William A. Tiller VI. Phase Diagrams in High Pressure Research A. Jayaraman and Lewis H. Cohen VII. Metastable Phase Diagrams and Their Application to Glass-Forming Ceramic Systems T. P. Seward, III Volume II: The Use of Phase Diagrams in Metal, Refractory, Ceramic, and Cement Technology I. The Effect of Oxygen Pressure on Phase Relations in Oxide Systems Arnulf Muan XV XVI CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES II. The Relationship of Phase Diagrams to Constitution and Micro- structure in Ceramic and Ceramic-Metal Systems James White III. The Use of Phase Diagrams in the Development and Use of Re fractories Hobart M. Kraner IV. The Use of Phase Diagrams in Fusion-Cast Refractory Materials Research A. M. Alper, R. C. Doman, R. N. McNally, and H. C. Yeh V. Application of the Phase Rule to Cement Chemistry F P. Glasser VI. Phase Diagrams in Extraction Metallurgy /. Taylor VII. Intermediate Phases in Metallic Phase Diagrams Τ. B. Massalski and Horace Pops VIII. The Use of Phase Diagrams in the Sintering of Ceramics and Metals D. Lynn Johnson and Ivan B. Cutler IX. Phase Diagrams and the Heat Treatment of Metals George Krauss and Joseph F. Libsch X. The Use of Phase Diagrams in the Joining of Metals A. Prince Volume III: The Use of Phase Diagrams in Electronic Materials and Glass Technology I. The Use of Phase Diagrams in Crystal Growth J. W. Nielsen and R. R. Monchamp II. The Use of the Phase Diagram in Investigations of the Properties of Compound Semiconductors Μ. B. Panish III. Superconductivity and Phase Diagrams V. F. Zackay, M. F. Merriam, and Κ. M. Ralls CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES xvii IV. Rapidly Quenched (Splat-Cooled) Metastable Alloy Phases; Their Phase-Diagram Representation, Preparation Methods, Occurrence, and Properties B. C. Giessen and R. H. Willens V. Liquid Immiscibility in Oxide Systems Ernest M. Levin VI. The Use of Phase Diagrams in Dissolution Studies A. R. Cooper VII. Relationships between Phase Diagrams and the Structure of Glass- Forming Oxide Melts E. F. Riebling VIII. Phase Relations and Dilute Molten Salt Solutions—The Cryoscopic Approach T. R. Kozlowski
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