Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 11th Edition

2672 Pages·2020·101.523 MB·English

by  Joseph T. DiPiro, Gary C. Yee, L. Michael Posey, Stuart T. Haines, Thomas D. Nolin, Vicki Ellingrod

11
TH EDITION
PHARMACOTHERAPY
A PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC APPROACH
FM.indd 1 27-03-2020 21:31:44
PAST EDITORS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY
Peggy E. Hayes, PharmD
Editions 1 and 2
Gary R. Matzke, PharmD, FCP, FCCP, FASN, FNAP
Editions 2–10
Robert L. Talbert, PharmD, FCCP, BCPS, FAHA
Editions 1–10
Barbara G. Wells, PharmD, FCCP, FASHP
Editions 3–10
FM.indd 2 27-03-2020 21:31:45
11
TH EDITION
PHARMACOTHERAPY
A PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC APPROACH
Editors
Joseph T. DiPiro, PharmD Thomas D. Nolin, PharmD, PhD, FCCP,
Dean and Professor, Archie O. McCalley Chair FCP, FASN
School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University
Associate Professor
Richmond, Virginia
Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics,
Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences
Gary C. Yee, PharmD, FCCP
Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division
Associate Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Omaha, Nebraska Vicki L. Ellingrod, PharmD, FCCP
Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Education
L. Michael Posey, BSPharm, MA
John Gideon Searle Professor of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy
President, PENS Pharmacy Editorial & News Services Professor of Psychiatry, Medical School
Santa Rosa, California University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Stuart T. Haines, PharmD, BCPS, BCACP
Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice
Director, Pharmacy Professional Development
School Pharmacy, University of Mississippi School
Jackson, Mississippi
New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto
FM.indd 3 27-03-2020 21:31:45
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Dedication
To our patients and students, who have challenged and inspired us and given meaning to all our endeavors.
To practitioners who continue to improve patient health outcomes and thereby serve as role models for their colleagues
and  students while clinging tenaciously to the highest standards of practice.
To our mentors, whose vision provided educational and training programs that encouraged our professional growth and
challenged us to be innovators in our patient care, research, and education.
To our faculty colleagues for their efforts and support for our mission to provide a comprehensive and challenging educational
foundation for the pharmacists of the future.
And finally to our families for the time that they have sacrificed so that this 11th edition would become a reality.
—The Editors
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In Memoriam—Brian S. Decker, MD, PharmD, MS
Brian S. Decker (1963-2018), a coauthor of the “Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis” chapter in Pharmacotherapy since its eighth edition
in 2012, received his BS in Wildlife Sciences and Pharmacy and PharmD degrees from Purdue University. He received his MD degree
from Indiana University School of Medicine in 2003, and he completed a residency in Internal Medicine and Fellowships in Nephrology
and Clinical Pharmacology at IU.
In 2007, Brian joined the faculty in the Indiana University School of Medicine in the Divisions of Nephrology and Clinical
Pharmacology, and he simultaneously served as an Affiliate Faculty member in the Purdue University College of Pharmacy. During his
time as a faculty member, he earned a MS in clinical research. Brian was an avid teacher of nephrology, pharmacology, and pharmacoge-
nomics to trainees from both IU and Purdue.
Brian directed the Nephrology Fellowship Training Program, fostered Nephrology student interest groups, and was an active member
of the IU Academy of Teaching Scholars. He was also very active locally and nationally in Nephrology and Pharmacology societies and in
the local community.
Brian’s knowledge of pharmacy and medicine was evident through his ability to further our understanding of nephrology. His
unique perspective was apparent in his contribution to the Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis chapter where he provided key treatment
details in a manner that was understandable and clinically relevant. As his coauthors, we will miss his knowledge, clinical experience, and
perspective.
Kevin M. Sowinski, PharmD, FCCP
Mariann D. Churchwell, PharmD, FCCP
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Contents
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii e12. Cough and Other Nonspecific Respiratory
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Brandon James Sucher
e13. Allergic Rhinitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
1
SECTION Foundation Issues 1 J. Russell May
e14. Oral Health and Systemic Conditions . . . . . . . . .33
Section Editor: Stuart T. Haines, L. Michael Posey, and Thomas D. Nolin
Lisa M. Palmisano and Jennifer L. Mazan
1. The Patient Care Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
e15. Oral Hygiene and Minor Oral Disorders . . . . . . .35
Stuart T. Haines, Mary Ann Kliethermes,
and Todd Sorensen Anna Milone, Kristyn Williamson, and Maren Hall
e2. Health Literacy and Medication Use . . . . . . . . . . .9 e16. Skin Care and Minor Dermatologic
Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Oralia V. Bazaldua, DeWayne A. Davidson,
Ashley Zurek, and Sunil Kripalani Rebecca M. Law and Howard I. Maibach
e3. Cultural Competency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 e17. Travel Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Jeri J. Sias, Amanda M. Loya, José O. Rivera, Douglas Slain and Scott E. Kincaid
and Jessica M. Shenberger-Trujillo 18. Contraception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
e4. Medication Safety Principles and Practices . . .13 Shareen Y. El-Ibiary, Sarah P. Shrader,
Robert J. Weber and Kelly R. Ragucci
e5. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and
Pharmacodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 3
SECTION Special Populations 61
Larry A. Bauer
e6. Pharmacogenetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Section Editor: L. Michael Posey and Thomas D. Nolin
Larisa H. Cavallari and Y. W. Francis Lam
e19. Pediatrics: General Topics in
e7. Clinical Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Pediatric Pharmacotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Bryan D. Hayes and Peter A. Chyka
Milap C. Nahata and Carol Taketomo
e20. Pediatrics: Oral Nutrition and Rehydration
of Infants and Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
2
section Common Health Problems 21 Katherine H. Chessman
e21. Pediatrics: Neonatal Critical Care . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Section Editor: L. Michael Posey, Joseph T. DiPiro, and Vicki L. Ellingrod
Kirsten H. Ohler and Jennifer T. Pham
e8. Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
e22. Geriatrics: The Aging Process in
Jamal Brown and Jenay Kyles
Humans and Its Effects on Physiology . . . . . . . .67
e9. Pain and Headache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Krista L. Donohoe, Elvin T. Price,
Ryan Costantino, Christopher D. Kearney, Tracey L. Gendron, and Patricia W. Slattum
and Kathryn A. Walker e23. Prescribing in the Older Adult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
e10. Minor Ophthalmic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Emily R. Hajjar, Lauren R. Hersh, and Shelly L. Gray
Jared Ostroff e24. Assessing Health and Delivering
e11. Minor Otic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 HealthCare to Older Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Lea S. Eiland Leigh Ann Mike, Zachary A. Marcum, and Shelly L. Gray
vii
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VIII
e25. Critical Care: General Topics 43. Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
in Critical Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Kathryn V. Blake and Jason E. Lang
Adrian Wong and Sandra L. Kane-Gill 44. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease . . . . . . . . 405
e26. Critical Care: Pain, Agitation, and Delirium . . . 75 Sharya V. Bourdet and Dennis M. Williams
Gilles L. Fraser and Richard R. Riker 45. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
e27. Critical Care: Considerations in Drug Rebecca Moote, Rebecca L. Attridge,
Selection, Dosing, Monitoring, and Safety . . . 77 and Deborah J. Levine
C
O Erin F. Bareto and Amy L. Dzierba 46. Cystic Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
N
TE e28. Palliative Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Chanin C. Wright and Yolanda Vera
N
T Nina M. Bemben and Mary Lynn McPherson e47. Drug-Induced Pulmonary Diseases . . . . . . . . . 459
S
Hengameh H. Raissy and Michelle S. Harkins
4
SECTION Cardiovascular Disorders 81 6
SECTION Gastrointestinal Disorders 461
Section Editor: Stuart T. Haines
Section Editor: Joseph T. DiPiro
e29. Assessment of the Cardiovascular System . . . 81
e48. Evaluation of the Gastrointestinal Tract . . . . . 461
Brent N. Reed, Kristin E. Watson, and Gautam Ramani
Keith M. Olsen and Rachael V. McCaleb
30. Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
49. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Eric J. MacLaughlin and Joseph J. Saseen
Dianne May, Michael L. Thiman,
31. Dyslipidemia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 and Satish S.C. Rao
Dave L. Dixon and Daniel M. Riche
50. Peptic Ulcer Disease and Related Disorders . . . . . 483
32. Stable Ischemic Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Bryan L. Love and Phillip L. Mohorn
Paul Dobesh, Robert J. DiDomenico,
51. Inflammatory Bowel Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
and Kelly C. Rogers
Brian A. Hemstreet
33. Acute Coronary Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
52. Nausea and Vomiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Robert J. DiDomenico, Paul P. Dobesh,
Leigh Anne Hylton Gravatt, Krista L. Donohoe,
and Shannon W. Finks
and Mandy L. Gatesman
e34. Peripheral Arterial Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
53. Diarrhea, Constipation, and Irritable
Zachary Stacy and Sheryl Chow
Bowel Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
35. Chronic Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Patricia H. Fabel and Kayce Shealy
Robert B. Parker, Jean M. Nappi, 54. Portal Hypertension and Cirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
and Larisa H. Cavallari
Julie M. Sease and Alyson G. Wilder
36. Acute Decompensated Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 e55. Drug-Induced Liver Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Brent N. Reed and Jo E. Rodgers
William R. Kirchain and Rondall E. Allen
37. Venous Thromboembolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 56. Pancreatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Daniel M. Witt, Nathan Clark, and Sara R. Vazquez
Scott Bolesta and Patricia A. Montgomery
38. Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 57. Viral Hepatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Melody Ryan and Melissa Nestor
Paulina Deming
39. The Arrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 58. Celiac Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Jessica J. Tilton, Cynthia Sanoski,
Priti N. Patel and Robert A. Mangione
and Jerry L. Bauman
40. Cardiac Arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Jeffrey F. Barletta 7
SECTION Renal Disorders 623
41. Shock Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Seth R. Bauer, Robert MacLaren, and Brian L. Erstad Section Editor: Thomas D. Nolin
e59. Evaluation of Kidney Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
5 Thomas C. Dowling
SECTION Respiratory Disorders 369
60. Acute Kidney Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Section Editor: Stuart T. Haines Jenana Halilovic Maker, Lauren Roller,
and William E. Dager
e42. Evaluation of Respiratory Function . . . . . . . . . 369
Maria I. Velez, Tamara D. Simpson, 61. Chronic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Stephanie M. Levine, and Jay I. Peters Joanna Q. Hudson, Lori D. Wazny,
and Paul Komenda
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IX
62. Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis . . . . . . . . . . . 677 80. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder . . . . . . . 1009
Kevin M. Sowinski, Mariann D. Churchwell, Julie A. Dopheide, Danielle L. Stutzmann,
and Brian S. Decker and Steven R. Pliszka
63. Drug-Induced Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 81. Eating Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
Thomas D. Nolin and Mark A. Perazella Steven C. Stoner, Valerie L. Ruehter,
and Melissa C. Palmer
64. Glomerular Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Jonathan J. Hogan and Alan H. Lau 82. Substance Use Disorders I: Depressants,
C
65. Drug Therapy Individualization for Stimulants, and Hallucinogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043 O
Robin Moorman Li, Patrick Leffers, N
Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . 739 T
and Paul L. Doering E
Marisa Battistella and Thomas D. Nolin N
83. Substance-Related Disorders II: Alcohol, TS
66. Disorders of Sodium and Water Homeostasis . . . 755
Nicotine, and Caffeine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
Katherine H. Chessman and Jason S. Haney
Robin Moorman Li, Lori Dupree, and Paul L. Doering
67. Disorders of Calcium and Phosphorus 84. Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1091
Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
M. Lynn Crismon, Tawny Smith,
Amy Barton Pai and Angela L. Bingham
and Peter F. Buckley
68. Disorders of Potassium and Magnesium 85. Major Depressive Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1125
Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Amy M. VandenBerg
Rachel W. Flurie
86. Bipolar Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149
69. Acid–Base Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
Shannon J. Drayton and Christopher S. Fields
John W. Devlin and Thomas D. Nolin
87. Anxiety Disorders: Generalized Anxiety,
Panic, and Social Anxiety Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . 1165
SECTION 8 Neurologic Disorders 833 Sarah T. Melton and Cynthia K. Kirkwood
88. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and
Section Editor: Vicki L. Ellingrod
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1187
e70. Evaluation of Neurologic Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833 Kristen N. Gardner, Jolene R. Bostwick,
and Ericka L. Crouse
Melody Ryan and Stephen J. Ryan
89. Sleep–Wake Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1201
71. Alzheimer Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835
John M. Dopp and Bradley G. Phillips
Emily P. Peron, Kristin M. Zimmerman, Ericka L. Crouse,
Patricia W. Slattum, and Sarah E. Hobgood 90. Intellectual and Developmental
Disabilities: Down Syndrome and
72. Multiple Sclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
Autism Spectrum Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1215
Jacquelyn L. Bainbridge, Augusto Miravalle,
Steven R. Erickson
Pei Shieen Wong, and Matthew J. Makelky Sr.
73. Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877
10
Viet-Huong V. Nguyen, Sunita Dergalust, SECTION Endocrinologic Disorders 1229
and Edward Chang
Section Editor: Stuart T. Haines
74. Status Epilepticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
Stephanie J. Phelps and James W. Wheless 91. Diabetes Mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1229
Jennifer Trujillo and Stuart T. Haines
75. Acute Management of the Brain Injury Patient . . 929
Bradley A. Boucher and G. Christopher Wood 92. Thyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1265
76. Parkinson Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945 Michael P. Kane and Gary Bakst
Jack J. Chen and Khashayar Dashtipour 93. Adrenal Gland Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1291
77. Pain Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959 Steven M. Smith, Scott G. Garland,
and John G. Gums
Chris M. Herndon, James B. Ray,
and Courtney M. Kominek e94. Pituitary Gland Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313
78. Headache Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989 Joseph K. Jordan, Amy Heck Sheehan, and Kashif M. Munir
T. Kristopher Harrell and Deborah S. Minor
11
SECTION Gynecologic and Obstetric
9
SECTION Psychiatric Disorders 1007 Disorders 1315
Section Editor: Vicki L. Ellingrod Section Editor: Vicki L. Ellingrod
e79. Evaluation of Psychiatric Disorders . . . . . . . . 1007 95. Pregnancy and Lactation: Therapeutic
Mark E. Schneiderhan, Leigh Anne Nelson, Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315
Jeffrey R. Bishop and Steven Bauer Julie J. Kelsey and Kristina E. Ward
FM.indd 9 27-03-2020 21:31:48