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Shiv Shankar Shukla · Ravindra Kumar Pandey · Beena Gidwani · Gunjan Kalyani Pharmaceutical Calibration, Validation and Qualification: A Comprehensive Approach Pharmaceutical Calibration, Validation fi and Quali cation: A Comprehensive Approach (cid:129) (cid:129) Shiv Shankar Shukla Ravindra Kumar Pandey (cid:129) Beena Gidwani Gunjan Kalyani Pharmaceutical Calibration, fi Validation and Quali cation: A Comprehensive Approach ShivShankarShukla RavindraKumarPandey ColumbiaInstituteofPharmacy ColumbiaInstituteofPharmacy Raipur,Chhattisgarh,India Raipur,Chhattisgarh,India BeenaGidwani GunjanKalyani ColumbiaInstituteofPharmacy ColumbiaInstitute ofPharmacy Raipur,Chhattisgarh,India Raipur,Chhattisgarh,India ISBN978-981-19-9001-4 ISBN978-981-19-9002-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9002-1 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingapore PteLtd.2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore “The best parts of your father are the best parts of you. Never forget where you came from”. Late Shri R. S. Shukla If I could write a story, it would be the greatest ever told. I'd write about my daddy, for he had a heart of gold. My dad, he was no hero, known around this world. He was everything to me. Prof. Shiv Shankar Shukla Preface I amdelighted to write thepreface for thefirst edition ofPharmaceuticalCalibra- tion,ValidationandQualification:AComprehensiveApproach. The uniqueness of the book can be accounted with the multitude of its content whichwillencompassdiversetopicsunderonecoverwhichnoothertitlehasdone so far. There is complete and exhaustive coverage of the topics pertaining to validationwhichmakesthebookindispensableforreaders. Various chapters mentioned in the content will cover detailed aspect of the respective topic with respect to the advancements in the field; this will arouse the interest of thereader which will facilitatecontinued reading forstudents, academi- cians,researchers,industrypersonsaswell. This book includes the detailed description of the topic “Validation of herbals” whichisanessentialpartwithrespecttothecurrentscenarioasmajorityofworld’s populationreliesonherbalmedicines. In a nutshell, the book will serve as a complete reference material for the topic underonecoverwhichwillmaketheunderstandingeasyandinteractive. Thisbookwillbeabackboneunderstandingforthevalidationconcept. Sincerethankstoourpublishersfortheirkindgestureandcooperation. Highly indebted to the co-authors for their generous help, cooperation, and criticism. NoteofthankstotheColumbiaInstituteofPharmacyforprovidingtheplatform forstandup. EarnestthankstotheManagement,ShriKishoreJadwani,Chairman,JanPragati Education Society (JPES) Raipur, and Shri Harjeet Singh Hura, Secretary, Jan PragatiEducationSociety(JPES)Raipur,fortheiractivehelpandcooperation. Raipur,Chhattisgarh,India ShivShankarShukla October2022 vii Contents PartI Calibration 1 IntroductiontoCalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 PurposeofCalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 NeedofCalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 BenefitsofCalibration. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. 6 Traceability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 TestAccuracyRatio(TAR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 TypesofCalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ParameterstobeCalibrated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 CalibrationTechniquesandMethods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 MethodsofCalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 CalibrationinAnalyticalMeasurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ProcessofCalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ASuccessfulCalibrationProcedureRequiresthe FollowingBasicSteps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 CalibrationPersonnel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 CalibrationLaboratory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 CalibrationCertificateandReport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Recalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 FactorsInfluencingRecalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2 ErrorsandUncertaintiesinCalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ErrorandItsTypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 CalibrationandItsTypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 TypesofCalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 ix x Contents DefinitionofUncertainty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 DifferenceBetweenErrorandUncertainty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 SourcesofUncertainty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 CalculationofUncertainty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 MethodsofUncertaintyAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 TypeAEvaluations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 TypeBEvaluations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 MethodsofUncertaintyAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Design-StageUncertaintyAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 ZeroOrderUncertainty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 SequentialPerturbation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3 CalibrationMethodsandProcedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 CalibrationProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 StepsforCalibrationDetermination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 SelectionofCalibrationMethod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 ProcedureofCalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 PressureCalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 TemperatureCalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 FlowCalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 PipetteCalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 ElectricalCalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 MechanicalCalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 KeyRequirementsforCalibrationProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 CalibrationFrequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 SourcesofCalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 CalibrationLaboratory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 CalibrationBasedonTypesofInstrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 LinearInstruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 NonlinearInstruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 DiscreteInstruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 UncertaintyEstimation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4 CalibrationSoftwareSupport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 DifferenceBetweenCalibrationandMaintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 CalibrationManagementSoftware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 NeedofCalibrationManagementSoftware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 TypesofCalibrationSoftware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 References. . ...................... .................... 46 Contents xi PartII Qualification 5 ObjectivesofQualification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 ObjectivesofQualification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 BenefitsofQualification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Need/RequirementofQualification. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . 50 DifferencebetweenValidation,Calibration,andQualification. . . . . . . 51 RelationshipBetweenValidation,Calibration,andQualification. . . . . 52 TypesofEquipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 CriticalEquipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Non-criticalEquipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 LifeCycleofEquipmentandStepsforQualification ofEquipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Phases/ElementsofQualification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 SpecificationPhase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 VerificationPhase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 54 PhaseI. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 54 Phase-II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 OperationalQualification(OQ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 PerformanceQualification(PQ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 PreventiveMaintenanceandRepairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 RoutinePracticesforOperation,Calibration,Maintenance, andChangeControl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 OtherMiscellaneousQualification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 AcceptanceCriteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 RegulatoryRequirements.. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. 60 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6 ApproachtotheQualificationProcess. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 63 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 ApproachestoQualificationProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 QualityRiskManagementApproach[QRM]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 StepsofQRMApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 AcceptableAnalyticalPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 GeneralRequirementstoSetAAPs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 EquipmentMaintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 ComputersandSoftwareUsedtoControlEquipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 QualificationLifeCycleApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 RegulatoryEnvironment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 NewECAAQCGGuidelineonAnalyticalProcedureLifecycle Management(APLM).... .............. ............... ... 71 xii Contents ProcessPerformanceQualificationApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 TheRightPlacetoBegin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 DefiningtheRisk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 DeterminingRegulatoryStartingMaterial(s)andCampaign Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Pre-PPQ. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 74 EstablishingtheProtocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Pre-approvalInspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 75 TheFinalReport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 PartIII Verification 7 Objectives,Methods,andRoleofVerification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 DefinitionofVerification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 ObjectivesofVerification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 PurposeofVerification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 DifferenceBetweenVerificationversusValidation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 SystemVerification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 ClassificationofVerification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 ApproachestoVerification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 MethodsofVerification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Inspection/Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Demonstration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Analysis. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . 85 VerificationProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Step1:VerificationPlanning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Step2:VerificationExecution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Step3:VerificationReporting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 SoftwareVerification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 MethodsofSoftwareVerification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 PeerReviews/InformalReviews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Walkthrough/SemiformalReviews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Inspections/FormalReview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 RulesofReview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 CategoriesofVerification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 DynamicTesting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 FunctionalTesting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 StructuralTesting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 RandomTesting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 StaticTesting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 StaticandDynamicVerification. . .... ..... .... ..... ..... .... 91

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