Ph. D. THESIS by CHANDRESH KUMAR CHANDRAKAR DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY ...

277 Pages·2013·6.29 MB·English

“AGRO TECNIQUES FOR INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY
POTENTIAL OF POTATO (Solanum tuberosum) IN
CHHATTISGARH PLAIN
UNDER DRIP IRRIGATION”

Ph. D. THESIS

by

CHANDRESH KUMAR CHANDRAKAR

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
RAIPUR (C.G.)

2013
“AGRO TECNIQUES FOR INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY
POTENTIAL OF POTATO (Solanum tuberosum) IN
CHHATTISGARH PLAIN
UNDER DRIP IRRIGATION”

THESIS

Submitted to the

Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur

by

CHANDRESH KUMAR CHANDRAKAR

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
in
Agriculture
(AGRONOMY)

Roll No. 12603 I.D. No. 130109002
JANUARY 2013

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“A journey is easier when you travel together. Interdependence is especially
more valuable than independence”. This is the result of three years work whereby, I
have been accompanied and supported by many people. It is a pleasant aspect that I
got a golden opportunity to express my gratitude for all of them.
With great reverence, I feel it to be a privilege to express my deepest sense of
gratitude towards Chairman of my Advisory Committee Dr. (Major) G.K.
Shrivastavat, Professor, Department of Agronomy. I convey my thankfulness to him
for his overly enthusiasm, integral view on research and his mission on providing
only high quality work. Especially the extensive comments, many discussions and
interactions with him had a direct impact on the final form and quality of this thesis.
I extend my heartfelt thanks and sincere gratitude to Dr. S.K. Dwivedi,
Assistance Prof. Department of Agronomy and member of my Advisory committee for
the pivotal observation and further rectification of any reminiscent snags at important
stages of investigation. He provide me with a counting stream of meaningful feedback
throughout the observational and critical analysis of my work. I wish to express my
deep sense to gratitude to Dr. Dhananjay Sharma, Asst.Prof., Department of
Horticulture, and member of my Advisory committee, Without his continual
inspiration, sympathetic attitude, constructive criticism and incessant bearance, it
would not have been possible to this study. I wish to thank Dr. R.R. Saxena, Professor
(Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Computer Science)and member of my
Advisory committee for their co-operation, valuable suggestions for analytical part of
my thesis and healthy criticism towards completion of my thesis work.
The words at my command are definitely inadequate, to express my deep sense
of gratitude to Dr. S. R. Patel, Prof. & Head, Department of Agronomy, member of
my advisory committee for his full pledged co-operation, guidance, continued
inspiration, valuable suggestions throughout the Ph. D. programme.
I am highly obliged to Hon’ble Vice Chancellor Dr. S.K. Patil, Dr. O.P.
Kashyap, Dean, College of Agriculture, Raipur, Dr. D.A. Sarnaik, Director Research

VITA

Chandresh Kumar Chandrakar, the author of this thesis was borne
on 17th May, 1985 at Raipur (Chhattisgarh). He accomplished primary
education at his native place. He passed his high school examination from Govt
H.S. School Ravigram, Raipur (C.G.) with first division (79.2%) in the year 2001
and passed Senior Secondary Examination in mathematics science, from Govt.
Hindu Higher Secondary School Raipur (C.G.) with first division (80.4%) in the
year 2003.
In 2003 he joined the IGKV, College of Agriculture Raipur
(Chhattisgarh) and fruitfully obtained Bachelor Degree of Agriculture in the year
2007 with an OGPA of 7.67 out of 10 point scale.
Then he qualified ICAR-JRF and joined M.Sc. (Ag.) course in, 2007-
08 in his beloved subject Agronomy at College of Agriculture, Indore
(J.N.K.V.V) for specialization of Masters Degree and passed in 2009 with first
division with an OGPA of 8.01 out of 10 point scale. By completion of master
degree he joined I.G.K.V., Raipur for Ph.D. programme. He was chosen a
research problem on “Agro techniques for increasing productivity potential of
potato (Solanum tuberosum) in Chhattisgarh plain under drip irrigation” for
thesis work which has been duly accomplished by him in Ph.D. in 2012-13 and
he earned an OGPA of 8.4 out of 10 point scale. He has also qualified National
Eligibility Test (NET) conducted by ASRB, New Delhi.
Now he is going to complete his Ph.D degree program prerequisite
for submission of this thesis.
CONTENT
CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAG
E
I INTRODUCTION 1-6
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 7-48
2.1 Impact of irrigation schedule on potato 8
2.1.1 Impact of irrigation schedule on growth and 8-12
development of potato
2.1.2 Impact of irrigation schedule on yield and yield 12-17
attributing characters of potato
2.1.3 Impact of irrigation schedule on water use 17-19
efficiency in potato crops
2.1.4 Impact of irrigation schedule on weed dynamics of 19-21
potato crop
2.1.5 Impact of irrigation schedule on economics of 21-23
potato crop
2.2 Impact of weed management on potato 23
2.2.1 Impact of weed management on growth and 23-26
development of potato
2.2.2 Impact of weed management on yield and yield 26-33
attributing characters of potato
2.2.3 Impact of weed management on weed control 33-37
efficiency and economics in potato crop
2.3 Impact of integrated nutrient management on 37
potato
2.3.1 Impact of integrated nutrient management on 37-39
growth and development of potato
2.3.2 Impact of integrated nutrient management on yield 39-42
and yield attributing characters of potato
2.3.3 Impact of integrated nutrient management on soil 42-44
nutrient content and plant nutrient uptake in potato
2.3.4 Impact of integrated nutrient management on 44-46
economics of potato crop
2.4 Impact of interaction between irrigation schedule, 46-48
weed and integrated nutrient management on
growth, yield and economics of potato crop
III MATERIALS AND METHODS 49-73
3.1 Experiment site 49
3.2 Geographical situation 49
3.3 Climate 49
3.4 Weather conditions during crop period 50
3.5 Physico-chemical characteristics of the experimental 50
field
3.6 Previous crop in the experimental site 51
3.7 Experimental details 51-52
3.8 Field preparation 56
3.9 Sprouting 56
3.10 Seed tuber treatment and planting 56
CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAG
E
3.11 Planting 56
3.12 Imposition of treatments 57-62
3.13 Earthing up 62
3.14 Haulm cutting and Digging 62
3.15 Grading 63
3.16 Observations recorded 63
3.16.1 Crop parameters 63
3.16.1.1 Growth parameters 63
3.16.1.1.1 Plant emergence (%) 63
3.16.1.1.2 Plant height (cm) 64
3.16.1.1.3 Number of shoots plant-1 64
3.16.1.1.4 Number of leaves plant-1 64
3.16.1.1.5 Fresh weight of shoots plant-1 (g) 64
3.16.1.1.6 Fresh weight of roots plant-1 (g) 64
3.16.1.1.7 Dry weight of shoots plant-1 (g) 65
3.16.1.1.8 Dry weight of roots plant-1 (g) 65
3.16.1.1.9 Leaf area index (LAI) 65
3.16.1.1.10 Crop growth rate (CGR) 65
3.16.1.2 Yield parameters 66
3.16.1.2.1 Number of stolons plant-1 66
3.16.1.2.2 Number of tubers plant-1 66
3.16.1.2.3 Fresh weight of tubers plant-1 (g) 66
3.16.1.2.4 Dry weight of tubers plant-1 (g) 66
3.16.1.2.5 Tuberization efficiency (Tuber: haulm ratio) 66
3.16.1.2.6 Marketable and unmarketable tuber yield (t ha-1) 67
3.16.1.2.7 Total tuber yield (t ha-1) 67
3.16.2 Weed parameters 67
3.16.2.1 Weed density 67
3.16.2.2 Weed dry weight 67
3.16.2.3 Weed index (WI) 68
3.16.2.4 Weed control efficiency (WCE) 68
3.16.3 Soil analysis 68
3.16.3.1 Soil moisture observation at different depth 68
3.16.4 Chemical analysis 69
3.16.4.1 Nutrient status of soil 69
3.16.4.1.1 Available Nitrogen 69
3.16.4.1.2 Available Phosphorus 69
3.16.4.1.3 Available Potassium 69
3.16.4.2 N,P, K content uptake by potato crop 69
3.16.4.2.1 N content 69
3.16.4.2.2 P content 69
3.16.4.2.3 K content 69
3.16.4.2.4 Nutrient uptake 70
3.17 Economics 70
3.18 Statistical Analysis 70
CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAG
E
IV RESULTS 74-176
4.1 Crop studies 74-128
4.1.1 Pre harvest observations 74-124
4.1.1.1 Percentage plant emergence (%) 74-75
4.1.1.2 Plant height (cm) 76-79
4.1.1.3 Number of shoots plant-1 79-82
4.1.1.4 Number of leaves plant-1 82-86
4.1.1.5 Leaf area index (LAI) 86-91
4.1.1.6 Fresh weight of shoots plant-1 (g) 91-95
4.1.1.7 Fresh weight of roots plant-1 (g) 95-98
4.1.1.8 Dry weight of shoots plant-1 (g) 98-103
4.1.1.9 Dry weight of roots plant-1 (g) 103-106
4.1.1.10 Crop growth rate (CGR) 106-109
4.1.2 Yield parameters 109-128
4.1.2.1 Number of stolons plant-1 109-112
4.1.2.2 Number of tubers plant-1 112-115
4.1.2.3 Fresh weight of tubers plant-1 (g) 115-118
4.1.2.4 Dry weight of tubers plant-1 (g) 118-122
4.1.2.5 Tuberization efficiency (Tuber: haulm ratio) 122-124
4.1.2.6 Tuber yield (marketable, unmarketable and total 124-128
tuber yield (t ha-1)
4.2 Weed parameters 128-157
4.2.1 Weed species 128-129
4.2.2 Total and species wise weed density (No. m-2) 129-142
4.2.3 Total and species wise weed dry weight (g m-2) 143-155
4.2.4 Weed index (WI) 156-157
4.2.5 Weed control efficiency (WCE) 156-157
4.3 Chemical analysis 157-166
4.3.1 N, P, K content in potato plant and tuber 157-160
4.3.2 Nitrogen uptake (kg ha-1) by potato crop 160-162
4.3.3 Phosphorus uptake (kg ha-1) by potato crop 162-163
4.3.4 Potassium uptake (kg ha-1) by potato crop 162-165
4.3.5 Nutrient status of soil (kg ha-1) 165-166
4.4 Soil moisture content (%) 167-170
4.5 Water use efficiency (q ha-1-cm) 167-171
4.6 Economics 172-176
V DISCUSSION 177-193
5.1 Weather and crop growth 178
5.2 Effect of irrigation schedule on potato 179-183
5.2.1 Effect of irrigation schedule on growth and 179-181
development of potato
5.2.2 Effect of irrigation schedule on yield attributes and 181-182
yield of potato
5.2.3 Effect of irrigation schedule on water use 182-183
efficiency in potato crop
5.2.4 Effect of irrigation schedule on weed dynamics in 183