Petroleum Science and Technology: Petroleum Generation, Accumulation and Prospecting

383 Pages·2021·138.236 MB·English

by  Muhammad Abdul Quddus

Petroleum Science and
Technology

Petroleum Science and
Technology
Petroleum Generation,
Accumulation and Prospecting
Muhammad Abdul Quddus
First edition published 2021
by CRC Press
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ISBN: 978-0-367-50322-2 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-04948-7 (ebk)
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The book is dedicated to my evening class
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Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................xxv
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................xxvii
Author ...................................................................................................................xxix
Introduction ...........................................................................................................xxxi
Chapter 1 Petroleum Pre-Period ...........................................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
1.2 Creation of the Universe ............................................................1
1.2.1 Study State Theory .......................................................1
1.2.2 Multiple Universes .......................................................1
1.2.3 Dark Energy and Dark Matter ......................................2
1.2.4 Pulsating Theory ..........................................................2
1.2.5 Big Bang Theory ..........................................................2
1.2.6 Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity .......................2
1.3 Radiation Era .............................................................................3
1.4 Four Natural Basic Forces and Universe ...................................3
1.4.1 Gravitational Force between Particles with
Appreciable Mass .........................................................4
1.4.2 Electromagnetic Forces between Particles
Having Electric/Magnetic Charge ................................4
1.4.3 Strong Nuclear Forces between Quarks .......................5
1.4.4 Weak Nuclear Forces between Quarks and Leptons ....5
1.4.5 Unifcation of the Four Forces ......................................5
1.5 Matter Era, Evolution of Inorganic ............................................5
1.5.1 Formation of Galaxies ..................................................6
1.5.2 Formation of Black/Dark Holes ..................................6
1.5.3 Formation of Radiation Dust ........................................7
1.5.4 Formation of Star Systems ...........................................7
1.5.5 Star Cycle Evolution & Extinction ...............................7
1.5.6 Formation of the Sun and Solar System .......................8
1.6 Formation of Elements, Nuclear Reaction .................................8
1.6.1 Nuclear Fission .............................................................9
1.6.2 Nuclear Fusion ............................................................ 10
1.7 Elements Distribution in the Universe..................................... 11
1.8 Origin of the Earth ..................................................................12
1.9 Earth Structure ........................................................................ 13
1.9.1 Earth Crust ................................................................. 14
1.9.1.1 Geology of the Crust ................................... 15
1.9.1.2 Chemical Constituents of the Crust ............15
vii
viii Contents
1.9.1.3 Crust Thickness and Weight
Distribution/Iso-Static Balance .................. 15
1.9.2 Earth Mantle ............................................................... 16
1.9.2.1 Geology of the Mantle ............................... 16
1.9.2.2 Chemical Constituents of Mantle .............. 16
1.9.3 Earth Core ................................................................. 16
1.10 Earth’s Physical State .............................................................. 17
1.10.1 Density Distribution ................................................... 17
1.10.2 Temperature Variation ................................................ 17
1.10.3 Pressure Variation ...................................................... 18
1.11 Geological Time Scale and Events ..........................................18
1.11.1 Phanerozoic Eon .........................................................23
1.11.1.1 Quaternary Period ......................................24
1.11.1.2 Tertiary Period ............................................24
1.11.1.3 Cretaceous Period .......................................24
1.11.1.4 Jurassic Period ............................................24
1.11.1.5 Triassic Period ............................................24
1.11.1.6 Permian Period ...........................................25
1.11.1.7 Carboniferous Period ..................................25
1.11.1.8 Devonian Period .........................................25
1.11.1.9 Silurian Period ............................................25
1.11.1.10 Ordovician Period .......................................26
1.11.1.11 Cambrian Period .........................................26
1.11.2 Precambrian Time ......................................................26
1.11.2.1 Proterozoic Eon ..........................................26
1.11.2.2 Archean Eon ...............................................27
1.11.2.3 Hadean Eon ................................................27
1.12 Conclusion ...............................................................................27
Chapter 2 Petroleum Origin and Generation ......................................................29
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................29
2.2 Inorganic to Organic Compound .............................................29
2.2.1 Inorganic Theory ........................................................29
2.2.2 Cosmic Theory ...........................................................30
2.2.3 Volcanic Theory .........................................................30
2.3 Chemical Era/Biological Era ...................................................30
2.3.1 Early Life .................................................................... 31
2.3.2 Bacterial Photosynthesis ............................................ 31
2.3.3 Green Plant Photosynthesis ........................................ 31
2.4 Biological Evolution/Living Organisms ..................................32
2.4.1 Proteins Hypothesis .................................................... 33
2.4.2 Ribonucleic Acid Hypothesis ..................................... 33
2.4.3 Lipid Membrane Hypothesis ......................................33
2.4.4 Bacterial Chemosynthesis .......................................... 33
Contents ix
2.5 Development of Biosphere .......................................................34
2.5.1 Marine ........................................................................ 35
2.5.2 Temperature ................................................................ 35
2.5.3 Salinity and pH ........................................................... 35
2.5.4 Dissolved Gases..........................................................36
2.5.5 Water Turbidity ...........................................................36
2.5.6 Water Circulation .......................................................36
2.5.7 Water Density .............................................................37
2.5.8 Nutrients .....................................................................37
2.5.9 Sunlight ......................................................................37
2.5.10 Biological Substances .................................................37
2.5.11 Geographical Zones ...................................................38
2.5.12 Geological Time .........................................................38
2.6 Living Organism Characteristics and Dead Organic Matter ....... 38
2.7 Carbon Cycle ...........................................................................40
2.7.1 Atmospheric Carbon ..................................................40
2.7.2 Terrestrial/Land Carbon ............................................. 41
2.7.3 Ocean Carbon ............................................................. 41
2.7.4 Geological Carbon .....................................................42
2.7.5 Industrial Carbon .......................................................42
2.7.6 Potential Carbon for Petroleum ..................................42
2.8 Petroleum Source Rock ........................................................... 43
2.9 Formation of Source Rock ....................................................... 43
2.9.1 Organic Matter in Aquatic Environment ...................45
2.9.2 Quantity of Organic Matter ........................................46
2.9.2.1 Type of Mineral/Rock.................................46
2.9.2.2 Mineral Grain Size ..................................... 47
2.9.2.3 Geochemical Oxidation/Reduction
Conditions ................................................... 47
2.9.2.4 Turbulent Zone ............................................ 47
2.9.2.5 Color of the Mineral ................................... 47
2.10 Transformation of Organic Matter in Source Rock ................. 47
2.11 Diagenesis Stage, Organic Matter to Kerogen ........................49
2.11.1 Aerobic/Oxic Bio-Chemical Decomposition .............49
2.11.1.1 Aerobic Biological Fermentation/
Metabolism Process ....................................50
2.11.2 Anaerobic Biological Fermentation ...........................50
2.11.3 Transformation Due to Geological Factors ................ 52
2.11.3.1 Water Circulation ........................................ 52
2.11.3.2 Change in Sea Level and Transgression ..... 53
2.11.3.3 Overburden Conditions and Fossilization .....53
2.12 Catagenesis Process, Oil and Gas Generation .........................54
2.13 Metagenesis Stage, Gas and Carbon Formation ...................... 55
2.14 Metamorphism, Sediment Modifcation.................................. 55
2.15 Transformation of Lipid Geochemical ....................................56
2.16 Kerogen ...................................................................................58