Pesticide Transformation Products. Fate and Significance in the Environment

309 Pages·1991·28.04 MB·English

by  L. Somasundaram and Joel R. Coats (Eds.)

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In Pesticide Transformation Products; Somasundaram, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
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In Pesticide Transformation Products; Somasundaram, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
459
A CS SYMPOSIUM SERIES
Pesticide Transformation
Products
Fate and Significance in the Environment
L. Somasundaram, EDITOR
org 001 Iowa State University
s.w
s.ac59.f Joel R. Coats, EDITOR
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American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1991
In Pesticide Transformation Products; Somasundaram, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pesticide transformation products: fate and significance in the
environment/ L. Somasundaram, editor, Joel R. Coats, editor.
p. cm.—(ACS symposium series, ISSN 0097-6156; 459)
"Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of
Agrochemicals at the 200th National Meeting of the American
Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., August 26-31, 1990."
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
org 001 ISBN 0-8412-1994-X
s.acs.59.fw 1. Pesticides—Environmental aspects. 2. Pesticides—Biodegradation.
ub04 I. Somasundaram, L., 1961- . II. Coats, Joel R. III. American
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In Pesticide Transformation Products; Somasundaram, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
ACS Symposium Series
M. Joan Comstock, Series Editor
1991 ACS Books Advisory Board
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In Pesticide Transformation Products; Somasundaram, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
Foreword
THE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was founded in 1974 to provide
a medium for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The
format of the Series parallels that of the continuing ADVANCES
org 001 IN CHEMISTRY SERIES except that, in order to save time, the
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s.ac59.f papers are not typeset, but are reproduced as they are submit
ub04 ted by the authors in camera-ready form. Papers are reviewed
p://p991- under the supervision of the editors with the assistance of the
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In Pesticide Transformation Products; Somasundaram, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
Preface
RESTICEDES HAVE BECOME an integral part of intensive agriculture.
This has resulted in extensive research on the biological efficacy and
environmental fate of pesticides. One area of significant interest is the
transformation of pesticides in the environment. The mechanisms of pes
ticide degradation and the products formed from various physical, chemi
cal and biological processes have been well documented. For most
org 001 currently used pesticides, however, the fate and significance of their
acs.9.pr transformation products are yet to be elucidated.
bs.45 Pesticide transformation, in general, is a detoxification process
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131, ity of the more than 600 active ingredients usai in crop protection, how
63.34.arch 2 ever.
1M Although numerous books have been published on pesticides, this is
y 89.ate: the first book on pesticide transformation products. Overviews of the
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Do Pu transformation products in the physical and biological environment, and
the second addressing their significance in crop protection, environmental
contamination, nontarget effects, and legal implications. Overall, the
book presents the benefits and risks associated with pesticide transforma
tion products. Inevitably, some of the viewpoints in the book are con
troversial, but we consider that to be beneficial for the promotion of con
cepts and approaches to the study of pesticide transformation products.
A tradition of research on pesticide metabolism was established at
Iowa State University by Paul A. Dahm, Distinguished Professor in the
Department of Entomology and many of his graduate students. Dr.
Dahm was a pioneer in the field of comparative insecticide toxicology,
xi
In Pesticide Transformation Products; Somasundaram, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
particularly in elucidation of the mechanisms of biotransformation. Dur
ing his 37 years at this university, he was instrumental in adapting and
developing powerful new methods for the study of pesticide persistence,
distribution, and breakdown products, including radiotracers and gas
chromatography. We acknowledge his many contributions to pesticide
degradation and remember him fondly as a scientist, teacher, and friend.
The editors thank the contributors to this volume for their excellent
research reviews of current knowledge on pesticide transformation prod
ucts as well as some of the research and regulatory issues that face indivi
duals and institutions working in this important field. We are grateful for
the efforts and expertise of the scientists who served as peer reviewers for
the chapters published in this volume. We hope this collective work will
serve as a valuable focus of research and opinion on the subject of pesti
org 001 cide transformation products and will stimulate future research and regu
acs.9.pr latory policies.
bs.45 We express our appreciation to the Agrochemicals Division of the
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In Pesticide Transformation Products; Somasundaram, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
Chapter 1
Pesticide Transformation Products
in the Environment
L. Somasundaram and Joel R. Coats
Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology,
Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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DoPu Role of Pesticides in Agriculture and Public Health

The world population continues to grow at about 2 percent each year
(1). This growth rate means that at least 93 million additional
people per year must be provided with food. The 43 countries
identified by the United Nations as the food-priority countries have
the highest birth rates (2), and the current global population of
5.3 billion is expected to increase to 6.3 billion by the year 2000
(3). As global population is incrasing, the total available
agricultural land is decreasing (4), mainly because of soil erosion
(5). The need to increase the global food supply, and the
constraints faced in the population and the land availability fronts
reflect the importance of intensive agriculture in providing food to
the global population. Pesticides have been an integral part of
intensive agriculture, particularly since the Green Revolution in
Southeast Asia in the 1970's. Besides their role in crop and animal
0097^156V91/0459--0002$06.00A)
© 1991 American Chemical Society
In Pesticide Transformation Products; Somasundaram, L., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.