Pest Management Programs for Deciduous Tree Fruits and Nuts

266 Pages·1979·7.76 MB·English

by  Martin M. Barnes

Pest Management
Programs for Deciduous
Tree Fruits and Nuts
Pest Management
Programs for Deciduous
Tree Fruits and Nuts
Edited by
David 1. Boethel
Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station
Pecan Research and Extension Station
Shreveport, Louisiana
and
Raymond D. Eikenbary
Oklahoma State University
StiIIwater, Oklahoma
PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main en try under title:
Pest management programs for deciduous fruits and nuts.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Fruit - Diseases and pests - Congresses. 2. Nuts - Diseases and pests - Con
gresses. 3. Insect control - Congresses. 4. Pest control, Integrated - Congresses.
5. Mites - Control - Congresses. I. Boethel, David J.
SB608.F8P46 634'.104'9652 79-12616
ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-9106-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-9104-7
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9104-7
Based on papers presented at the 1977 National Meeting of the
Entomological Society of America and additional invited papers
©1979 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1979
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfIlming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
D. Asquith Fruit Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State
University, Biglerville, Pennsylvania, 17307.
M. M. Barnes Department of Entomology, University of Cali
fornia, Riverside, California, 92502.
D. J. Boethel Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Loui
siana State University Pecan Research and Exten
sion Station, Shreveport, Louisiana, 71105.
B. A. Croft Department of Entomology, Michigan State Uni
versity, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824.
R. K. Curtis Almond Board of California, Sacramento, Cali
fornia, 95813.
C. S. Davis California Cooperative Extension Service, Univer
sity of California, Berkeley, California, 94720.
R. D. Eikenbary Department of Entomology, Oklahoma State
University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74074.
H. C. Ellis Georgia Cooperative Extension Service, University
of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station,
Tifton, Georgia, 31794.
L. A. Hull Fruit Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State
University, Biglerville, Pennsylvania, 17307.
M. L. Marino Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Mich
igan State University, East Lansing, Michigan,
48824.
J. R. McVay Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn
University, Auburn, Alabama, 36830.
D. J. Miller Department of Entomology, Michigan State Uni
versity, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824.
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
H. Riedl Department of Entomology, University of Cali
fornia, Berkeley, California, 94720.
S.M. Welch Department of Entomology, Kansas State Univer
sity, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506.
P. H. Westigard Southern Oregon Experiment Station, Oregon
State University, Medford, Oregon, 97502.
Preface
Pest Management Programs for Deciduous Tree Fruits and Nuts attempts to
present the current status of pest management programs in orchard ecosystems.
The book is a collection of papers from a symposium convened on the subject
for the 1977 National Meeting of the Entomological Society of America and
invitational papers on commodities not covered during the symposium.
In recent years, books have appeared on "integrated pest management
(IPM)"; however, most of these have concentrated on field crop IPM with an
occasional chapter on fruits. No publication presently exists which brings
together information on the pest management programs currently being
conducted on the major nut crops, almonds, pecans and walnuts.
Because it is the first treatment for almonds and walnuts, the authors of
these chapters have attempted not only to present the current IPM technology
but the historical data which led to the contemporary programs.
Two chapters appear on pecan IPM. The first concentrates on the
development of a management program for the pecan weevil, the key arthropod
pest of pecans, while the second discusses the implementation of pilot pecan
IPM programs in two southeastern states. The latter chapter illustrates that even
with a limited data bank, the pesticide load in pecan orchards can be reduced by
the adoption of the IPM approach to pest control.
Although deciduous tree fruits have received more recent exposure, the
dynamic nature of IPM on apples and pears certainly warrants inclusion in this
work. Today, many of the most sophisticated IPM programs are those practiced
in these ecosystems. Two chapters are devoted to case histories of the
development of pest management systems in Oregon pear orchards and
Pennsylvania apple orchards. The final chapter presents an elaborate discussion
of the extension pest management delivery and biological monitoring system
research underway in Michigan. Even though this chapter uses apple IPM as an
example, the information certainly is worthy of consideration by all personnel
involved in IPM regardless of the pest or crop situation.
vii
viii PREFACE
Our objective when organizing the symposium was to assemble workers on
the various orchard crops in order to share ideas on IPM. This book is an attempt
to provide something tangible to accomplish the objective. We sincerely thank
the contributors for their efforts in this endeavor. The symposium participants
have expanded their original presentations, and these manuscripts along with the
invitational papers constitute the most comprehensive reference material
available on orchard IPM. The book should serve as a reference text for graduate
and undergraduate courses in integrated pest management and should be a
valuable addition to the libraries of researchers, extension personnel, industry
representatives, and fieldmen involved in crop protection.
January, 1979 D.J.B.
R.D.E.
Contents
Chapter I
Present Development of Arthropod Pest Management
In Almond Orchards of California
M. M. Barnes and R. K. Curtis
Introduction .................................... .
The Almond Orchard Ecosystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Arthropod Pest Complex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Present Status of Components of the Insect Pest
Management System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Present Status of Integrated Pest Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Chapter II
Walnut Pest Management: Historical Perspective and Present Status
H. Riedl, M. M. Barnes, and C. S. Davis
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Origin of the Persian Walnut and History of Walnut Culture
in California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
The Walnut Ecosystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
The Pest Complex of Walnuts in Relation to Rootstocks,
Varieties, and Growing Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
The Tools and Methods for Walnut Pest Management . . . . . . . . . . 44
Summary and Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
ix
x CONTENTS
Chapter III
Status of Pest Management Programs for the Pecan Weevil
D. J. Boethel and R. D. Eikenbary
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
The Pecan Weevil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Historical, Contemporary, and Prospective Management
Tactics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Development of a Pest Management Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Summary and Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Chapter IV
Extension Approaches to Pecan Pest Management in Alabama
and Georgia
J. R. McVay and H. C. Ellis
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
The Alabama Pecan Pest Management Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
The Georgia Pecan Pest Management Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Chapter V
Integrated Pest Management of Insects and Mites of Pear
P. H. Westigard
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Codling Moth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Spider Mites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Pear Psylla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
San Jose Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Pear Rust Mite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Some Economic and Horticultural Aspects of IPM . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200