pest management operators training manual

68 Pages·2017·2.79 MB·English

10th EDF SPS Project
PEST MANAGEMENT OPERATORS
TRAINING MANUAL

PEST MANAGEMENT OPERATORS
TRAINING MANUAL
Prepared by Kathy Dalip
Consultant
April 2016
10th EDF SPS Project:
Support to the Caribbean Forum of ACP States in the Implementation of Commitments Undertaken Under
the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA): Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS)
“This action was funded by the European Union under the 10th European Development Fund – Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS)
Project being executed by the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA)”.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE.........................................................................................................................................................................................4
intRoDuCtion..........................................................................................................................................................................5
MoDuLE 1 CLAssiFiCAtion, iEDntiFiCAtion AnD bioLogy oF uRbAn PEsts ...............................6
the Definition of Pests .............................................................................................................................................................7
organisms that have Attained urban Pest status in the Caribbean .......................................................................7
the insects ..............................................................................................................................................................................7
the Mammals.......................................................................................................................................................................18
MoDuLE 2 MAnAgEMEnt oF uRbAn PEsts ..................................................................................................20
Pest Management and Pest Control .................................................................................................................................21
Pest Diagnosis ......................................................................................................................................................................21
Assessing Pest Activity and infestation Levels .........................................................................................................21
the Control options ..........................................................................................................................................................22
Pesticides ...............................................................................................................................................................................23
Formulations and Adjuvants ..........................................................................................................................................27
MoDuLE 3 CALibRAtion oF APPLiCAtion EQuiPMEnt ...........................................................................30
sample Calibration Calculations ........................................................................................................................................32
Calibration Calculations using Application Rate Per unit Area .........................................................................32
Calibration Calculations using Application Rate Per unit Length ....................................................................33
MoDuLE 4 PEstiCiDE APPLiCAtion EQuiPMEnt .........................................................................................36
Pesticide Application technology .....................................................................................................................................37
Pesticide Application Equipment ......................................................................................................................................39
Hydraulic sprayers .............................................................................................................................................................39
Air blast sprayers ................................................................................................................................................................39
thermal Foggers .................................................................................................................................................................39
MoDuLE 5 RisKs, sAFE usE AnD HAnDLing oF PEstiCiDEs ..................................................................41
the Pesticide Label .................................................................................................................................................................42
guidelines for Purchasing Pesticides ...............................................................................................................................42
guidelines for Handling Pesticides ...................................................................................................................................42
2
Environmental Considerations ......................................................................................................................................43
Disposal of Empty Pesticide Containers .....................................................................................................................43
Dealing with Pesticide spills ...........................................................................................................................................44
Pesticide Poisoning .................................................................................................................................................................44
symptoms of Pesticide Poisoning ................................................................................................................................44
First Aid ..................................................................................................................................................................................45
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ..............................................................................................................................46
Maintenance of Protective gear....................................................................................................................................47
MoDuLE 6 sPECiFiC PEst MAnAgEMEnt PRogRAMMEs ........................................................................48
Rodents .......................................................................................................................................................................................49
Management of Rodents .................................................................................................................................................50
stored Product Pests ..............................................................................................................................................................50
Management of stored Product Pests ........................................................................................................................51
insect Pests ................................................................................................................................................................................51
Management of selected insect Pests ........................................................................................................................52
general ethical considerations during pest management ......................................................................................57
sELECtED bibLiogRAPHy ..................................................................................................................................................59
APPEnDiX ..................................................................................................................................................................................60
PEST MANAGEMENT OPERATORS TRAINING MANUAL 3
PREFACE
The 10th EDF Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) National and regional regulatory and industry
Measures Programme capacity to meet the SPS requirements of
the overall objective of the 10th EDF Programme international trade: to support and enhance the
is to support the beneficial integration of the institutional capacity of national and/or regional
CARiFoRuM states into the world economy and the regulatory bodies and industry in the agriculture
overall objective of the sPs Measures Programme is sector, including the fisheries subsector, to meet the
to facilitate CARiFoRuM states to gain and improve sPs requirements of international trade.
market access by complying with Europe’s sanitary
and Phytosanitary (sPs) measures, and to help Coordinating Group of Pesticides Control Boards
CARiFoRuM states to better develop their own of the Caribbean
regionally harmonized sPs measures. the Coordinating group of Pesticides Control boards
of the Caribbean (CgPC) was established in 1994.
the specific objective of the sPs programme is to the forward thinking group promotes sustainable
increase production and trade in agriculture and agriculture and the protection of human health and
fisheries which meet international standards while the environment through the effective management
protecting plant, animal and human health and the of pesticides and toxic chemicals in the Caribbean.
environment. the Action is directed towards creating
and/or strengthening Regional and national sPs the CgPC plays a critical role in the formation of
systems through systematic focus on: regional policy positions, programmes and projects
in the area of pesticides and toxic chemicals in
Legislation, protocols, standards, measures and the context of agricultural health and food safety
guidelines in the area of AHFS and fisheries for and preservation of the Region’s environment and
national and regional SPS regimes: to enhance natural bio-diversity. the Vision of the CgPC is for
CARiFoRuM Agricultural Health and Food safety a Caribbean Region promoting the effective use of
(AHFs) efforts and strengthen enforcement of pesticides and toxic chemicals and minimizing risks
protocols, standards, measures and guidelines for to human health and the environment.
increased production and marketing in agriculture
and fisheries. in an effort to provide a harmonized approach to
training across the Region, the CgPC is developing
National and regional coordination mechanisms manuals targeting key stakeholder groups. this
in the support of the SPS regime: to support training manual, supported under the 10th EDF
implementation of the sPs measures in the sPs Project and prepared by Dr Kathy Dalip with
CARiFoRuM member states. illustrations by shavaughn Rattigan, serves as a user-
friendly guide for household pest management
operators.
4
INTRODUCTION
over the last two centuries, human settlements have some persons to fathom a life without pesticides.
evolved from a series of small rural villages to urban According to Robinson et al. (1995), the Caribbean
settlements such as towns and cities. such urban imports (kg/year) of the chemicals in different islands
areas are characterised by a high human population in the late 1970s was: Jamaica (7,991,383), barbados
density and an ecosystem created, or severely altered (1,035,788), trinidad and tobago (983,801), grenada
by humans. A feature of such ecosystems is low (396,992), st. Vincent (344,500), guyana (334,502), st.
biodiversity and the high abundance of organisms Lucia (53,000) and Dominica (20,010).
selected or favoured by the human population; as
human activity encourages some organisms while in spite of their benefits, pesticides pose serious
displacing others. unfortunately, this has hastened hazards to humans and the environment. some of
the evolution of organisms that have attained pest these hazards include the destruction of organisms
status, some with serious health and economic that are beneficial to humans, high levels of
consequences. pesticides on food and contamination of the
environment. the risks associated with pesticide
Early attempts to deal with these pest organisms use in the Caribbean has been made worse by a
involved simple methods of using other organisms lack of knowledge or concern about the impact of
and inorganic compounds, such as Paris green pesticides on humans and the environment, which
(copper acetoarsenite). However, as urban has led to the improper handling, application and
settlements increased and pest outbreaks became disposal of these dangerous chemicals.
more frequent there were increased efforts to search
for chemicals that could provide greater levels of this manual seeks to provide the reader with general
pest control. the success of the organochlorine information on organisms that have attained pest
(oC) pesticides in the 1940s elevated the status of status in the urban environment, the factors that
synthetic pesticides to an essential component contribute to these organisms attaining pest status,
of pest control and they were regarded by many the principles and strategies for the management
societies as the answer to the control of disease of these organisms, and the issues to be considered
vectors, such as mosquitoes and house flies. during the development of a pest management
programme. the information provided is intended to
As a result of this, the pesticide industry has grown provide interested individuals with the knowledge
phenomenally, resulting in the development of base on which they may build further knowledge and
a pesticide sub-culture that makes it difficult for develop their skills as pest management operators.
PEST MANAGEMENT OPERATORS TRAINING MANUAL 5
MODULE 1
CLASSIFICATION, IDENTIFICATION
AND BIOLOGY OF URBAN PESTS
Objectives of Module:
1. to determine what is a pest
2. to identify major urban insect and vertebrate pests and their developmental stages
3. to outline the life cycle of major urban insect and vertebrate pests
4. to summarise why these pests are of economic importance
6
The Definition of Pests space and time. Hence, it is possible for an organism
the term pest has been used to describe various to be a pest at a specific time and in a specific
organisms that are deemed to negatively impact environment, but may be a beneficial organism at
the welfare and well-being of humans. Earlier another time in another place.
definitions of a pest were rather general, ranging
from organisms that annoy humans to organisms Pests may be classified based on the type of pest
that interfere with human beings. With the shift organism or on the economic impact or effect of
towards a more harmonious relationship between the pest. Classification based on the type of pest
the human population and the ecosystem, an effort organism may simply depend on the taxonomic
has been made to create a more objective definition group of the pest organism, such as arthropod or
of a pest. so, for an organism to be to be classified insect pests and vertebrate pests. Microorganisms
as a pest, its presence in an area must have the that have attained pest status are termed microbial or
potential to impact on the health of humans and/or pathological pests. Classification based on economic
cause economic loss. therefore, a more acceptable impact may be plant pests, stored-product pests,
definition of a pest is an organism (virus, bacteria, structural pests, medical pests, veterinary pests and
fungus, plant or animal) that injures or spreads nuisance pests.
disease to humans, domestic animals or plants of
Organisms that have Attained Urban Pest
aesthetic or economic value, or damages structures
Status in the Caribbean
and products of economic value.
below are some organisms that have attained pest
the mere presence of an organism in an area where status in the Caribbean. to properly manage a pest,
it is not wanted does not necessarily make it a pest. one should be able to identify it so as to become
organisms generally attain pest status when their acquainted with its biology (life cycle, population
population increases to a level where it inflicts fluctuations, flight, mating and feeding behaviour,
economic or aesthetic loss to human beings and as etc.) and the damage it causes.
a result, the pest status of an organism will vary in
ThE INSECTS
Taxonomic classification
All insects belong to the Class Hexapoda (formerly known as insecta). there are two subclasses
of Hexapoda—subclass Apterygota and subclass Ptygerota. the Aptygerotes are primitive,
wingless insects such as proturans, diplurans, springtails and bristletails (e.g. silverfish). the
ptygerotes are the winged insects; some wingless insects, e.g. fleas, also belong to this subclass.
the subclass Ptygerota is divided into orders, which are major groupings of insects.
PEST MANAGEMENT OPERATORS TRAINING MANUAL 7
SiLverFiSH CoCkroACHeS
Taxonomy Taxonomy
subclass: Apterygota subclass: Pterygota
order: thysanura order: blattodea
Family: Lepismatidae Family: blattidae
genus and species: Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus)
Biology genus and species: Blatella germanica (Linnaeus)
Biology
Figure 1. Adult silverfish. [Photo credit: Dr Kathy
Dalip.]
• size: adults are relatively small (less than 2 cm
long) and wingless.
• Colour: light silvery grey.
• there are three projections at the end of the
abdomen.
• Common name derives from its silvery Figure 2. American cockroach, Periplaneta americana
colour and its undulatory movement, which (top) and german cockroach, Blatella germanica
resembles that of a fish. (below).
economic importance the most common cockroach pest species is the
• silverfish cause damage to most products that American cockroach or the sewer roach, P. americana.
contain some form of starch, such as paper, • Colour: reddish brown
carpet, silk, starched clothing and starch paste • size: average length of adults is 3–4 cm; young
in wallpaper. (called juveniles) are smaller, wingless forms of
• they may not be easily detected as they tend adult
to shy away from open, well-lit areas. • Adults are capable of flight.
• the extent of damage to property and • the female produces an average of 21
products may be an indication of infestation oothecae (egg cases in which eggs are stored
levels. and developed).
• oothecae are hardy and can survive harsh
conditions.
8