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Personality Development (Core Concepts in Therapy) PDF

171 Pages·2003·0.54 MB·English
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Personality development 13/8/03 9:57 AM Page 1 C O R E C O N C E P T S I N T H E R A P Y S E R I E S E D I T O R : M I C H A E L J A C O B S Personality Development This book draws out the essence of a range of personality theories in a clear and accessible way, moving from the seminal works of Freud and other prominent analytical theorists, to the stage theories of Erikson and Levinson and the development of personality as it is viewed in existential and person-centred theory. The text: • Highlights the salient points of different personality theories • Critiques the theories • Examines important aspects of personality development neglected by previous books on this topic such as spirituality and the development of racial identity and gender The book reflects strongly on the context from which the theories sprang and seeks to trace how this context has influenced the theorists and their disciples. It also highlights the similarities between the concepts and structure of many of the theories. The authors, both experienced counsellors and trainers, evaluate which elements of the theories can be useful to the work of the therapist in the twenty first century and give examples from their case work. Personality Development Personality Development is a valuable new resource for practitioners, lecturers and trainers as well as students of counselling, psychotherapy and psychology. Valerie Simanowitz is an experienced counselling practitioner, supervisor and trainer. She currently works independently, as a part- time counsellor at a young asylum seekers project in Worthing and as a supervisor at a drop-in centre for young people in Eastbourne. Formerly, she was Director of the Diploma in Person-Centred Counselling (BACP accredited) at Lewisham College. Peter Pearce is an experienced therapist, trainer and supervisor who has worked within the NHS since 1988 and is currently Primary Tutor on the Degree in Counselling (BACP accredited) at the Metanoia Institute, London. He also has experience as a family support worker, an outreach worker supporting people returning home from long- stay hospitals and as a residential worker with adults with learning disabilities. Cover design: Barker/Hilsdon Valerie Simanowitz • Peter Pearce Personality Development Simanowitz • Pearce PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Core concepts in therapy Series editor: Michael Jacobs Over the last ten years a significant shift has taken place in the rela- tions between representatives of different schools of therapy. Instead of the competitive and often hostile reactions we once expected from each other, therapists from different points along the spectrum of approaches are much more interested in where they overlap and where they differ. There is a new sense of openness to cross- orientation learning. The Core Concepts in Therapy series compares and contrasts the use of similar terms across a range of the therapeutic models, and seeks to identify where different terms appear to denote similar concepts. Each book is authored by two therapists, each one from a distinctly different orientation; and where possible each one from a different continent, so that an international dimension becomes a feature of this network of ideas. Each of these short volumes examines a key concept in psycho- logical therapy, setting out comparative positions in a spirit of free and critical enquiry, but without the need to prove one model superior to another. The books are fully referenced and point beyond themselves to the wider literature on each topic. List of forthcoming and published titles: Barden & Stimpson: Words and Symbols Dinesh Bhugra & Dilys Davies: Models of Psychopathology Paul Brinich & Christopher Shelley: The Self and Personality Structure Jenifer Elton-Wilson & Gabrielle Syme: Objectives and Outcomes Dawn Freshwater & Chris Robertson: Emotions and Needs Jan Grant & Jim Crawley: Transference and Projection Richard J. Hazler & Nick Barwick: The Therapeutic Environment David Edwards & Michael Jacobs: Conscious and Unconscious Hilde Rapp & John Davy: Resistance, Barriers and Defences John Rowan & Michael Jacobs: The Therapist’s Use of Self Lynn Seiser & Colin Wastell: Interventions and Techniques Valerie Simanowitz & Peter Pearce: Personality Development Nick Totton & Michael Jacobs: Character and Personality Types Kenneth C. Wallis & James L. Poulton: Internalization PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Valerie Simanowitz and Peter Pearce Open University Press Open University Press McGraw-Hill Education McGraw-Hill House Shoppenhangers Road Maidenhead Berkshire England SL6 2QL email: Contents Acknowledgements ix Series editor’s preface x Preface xiii 1 Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic developmental theories 1 Sigmund Freud’s developmental stage theory 1 The oral stage 4 The anal stage 5 The phallic stage 7 The latency stage 9 The genital stage 10 Karl Abraham on psychosexual stages 10 Anna Freud and ego psychology 12 Object relations theory 13 Melanie Klein 14 W.R.D. Fairbairn 17 D.W. Winnicott 19 Margaret Mahler 21 Heinz Kohut 23 John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth: attachment theory 25 Daniel Stern 28 Conclusions 29 2 The developmental theories of Erikson and Levinson 30 Erik H. Erikson 31 Erikson’s eight-stage life cycle 33 Stage 1. Infancy: trust versus mistrust 34 vi Personality development Stage 2. Early childhood: autonomy versus shame and doubt 35 Stages 3 and 4. Play age: initiative versus guilt; School age: industry versus inferiority 35 Stage 5. Adolescence: identity versus identity diffusion 38 Stage 6. Early adulthood: intimacy versus self-absorption 40 Stage 7. Adulthood: generativity versus stagnation 41 Stage 8. Old age: integrity versus despair 42 The application of the theory to therapy 43 Daniel Levinson: the seasons of a man’s life 44 The significance of transitions 45 The research 46 The eras 46 Erikson and Levinson: similarities and differences 48 3 Personality development in person-centred theory 50 Elements of developmental theory in Rogers’ 19 propositions 50 The development of the self and the self-concept 52 Conditions of worth 53 The locus of evaluation/The outcomes of conditions of worth 54 Disturbance, distortion, denial 55 David Mearns’ and Brian Thorne’s developments of Rogers’ theory: configurations of self 56 Conditions conducive to awareness and change 58 The fully functioning person 59 The seven-stage developmental model of counselling 60 M. Cooper on person-centred developmental theory 62 4 Existential approaches 65 Background 65 Scientific reductionism versus (inter) subjectivity 66 Scientific determinism versus freedom and choice 66 ‘Thrownness’ 67 Authenticity 67 Ontological anxiety 67 Being-in-the-world 69 Existential views on personality development 70 Early development 71 Contents vii Later development 71 Conclusions 72 5 Moral development 73 Lawrence Kohlberg: six stages of moral development 73 Three levels of moral stages: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional 75 The distinctive features of moral judgement 76 Theories of moral development: cognitive- developmental, socialization and psychoanalytic 77 Carol Gilligan’s feminist critique of Kohlberg’s developmental theory 79 6 Feminist critiques of developmental theories 87 Freud and penis envy 88 Critiques of psychoanalytic and object relations developmental theories: Dorothy Dinnerstein, Nancy Chodorow and Jessica Benjamin 91 Feminist critiques of humanistic developmental theory 102 Conclusions 103 7 Cultural factors in personality development 105 The revised Cross model of the development of black identity 107 Stage 1: the pre-encounter stage 107 Stage 2: the encounter stage 109 Stage 3: the immersion and ‘emersion’ stage 110 Stage 4: internalization 111 Other models of black identity 114 Paul Pedersen’s ten frequent assumptions of cultural bias in counselling 115 8 Transpersonal and psycho-spiritual psychology 117 Carl Jung and the spiritual dimension 118 Roberto Assagioli and psychosynthesis 119 Ken Wilber’s levels of consciousness and the pre/trans fallacy 122 James Fowler’s faith development model 125 Psychological crisis and spiritual emergence 126 viii Personality development 9 Conclusion 128 References 136 Index 145 Acknowledgements For help, support, generosity and encouragement from Arnold Simanowitz, Philippa Donald, Sue Daniels, John Barry (Brighton University Library) and Leni Gillman.

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