Perovskite Solar Cells: Technology and Practices PDF
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PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS Technology and Practices PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS Technology and Practices Kunwu Fu, PhD Anita Wing Yi Ho-Baillie, PhD Hemant Kumar Mulmudi, PhD Pham Thi Thu Trang, PhD Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc. 3333 Mistwell Crescent 1265 Goldenrod Circle NE Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Palm Bay, Florida 32905 Canada USA USA © 2019 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-728-1 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-42946-974-9 (eBook) All rights reserved. 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The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and identification without intent to infringe. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Title: Perovskite solar cells : technology and practices / Kunwu Fu, Anita Wing Yi Ho-Baillie, Hemant Kumar Mulmudi, Pham Thi Thu Trang. Names: Fu, Kunwu, author | Anita Wing Yi Ho-Baillie, author | Hemant Kumar Mulmudi, author | Pham Thi Thu Trang, author Description: Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20190064471 | Canadiana (ebook) 2019006448X | ISBN 9781771887281 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780429469749 (PDF) Subjects: LCSH: Solar cells—Materials. | LCSH: Photovoltaic cells—Materials. | LCSH: Perovskite. Classification: LCC TK2960. F8 2019 | DDC 621.31/244—dc23 CIP data on file with US Library of C ongress Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products, visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com ABOUT THE AUTHORS Kunwu Fu, PhD, is now working as an Application Scientist at Bruker (Beijing) Scientific Technology Co., Ltd. He received his PhD in 2016 at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University in Singapore in organo-halide perovskite materials in mesoscopic solar cells after earning his bachelor degree at the same school, studying the morphological and electrical properties of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite in the mesoscopic solar cells. His research focused on under- standing the varying nanostructures of perovskite materials and its impli- cations to high-efficiency solar cell device. It also extended to exploring novel small molecule organic materials for hole-transporting layer in high- efficiency perovskite solar cells. Anita Wing Yi Ho-Baillie, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the Univer- sity of New South Wales (UNSW), Australia. Her research interests in the field of photovoltaics include high-efficiency silicon solar cells, tandem solar cells, perovskite solar cells, integration of photovoltaics for a wide range of applications, and manufacturing cost analysis. She has been leading the perovskite solar cell research group at UNSW since 2013 and in 2016 announced the energy conversion efficiency records for the largest certified monolithic perovskite solar cells. She obtained her PhD at UNSW in 2005. Hemant Kumar Mulmudi, PhD, is currently working as a research fellow at the Research School of Engineering, Australian National Univer- sity, on the processing and characterization of perovskite solar cells. This encompasses investigating the phase segregation and the quantum yield of perovskite films for application in silicon-perovskite tandem solar cells. This involves advanced concepts of particle-wave-matter interaction at the nanoscale regime. His interests span from synthesizing nanomaterials via inexpensive solution-processed methods to integrating them in functional solar photovoltaic devices and fuel cells. He was the first to demonstrate stable and functional inorganic material-based lead-free perovskite solar cell (cesium tin iodide) as photon absorber using solution-processed methods. His inquisitive nature drives him to go beyond to understand the underlying vi About the Authors physics and modus operandi of these devices, which has been crucial in expanding this technology to other applications and configurations. Owing to his passion and drive, he led a group of PhD students and postgraduate staff to develop lead-free alternative materials for energy harvesting appli- cations at the Energy Research Institute @NTU, leading to several publica- tions. His contributions to the field of materials science and engineering have been communicated to several high-impact refereed journals. He also believes in scientific outreach and is passionate about expressing his views and scientific findings at various conferences, workshops, and guest lectures at universities. He loves to teach and has taken every opportunity to teach about solar cells and their global imprint to high school and undergraduate students respectively. He loves innovative approaches in device engineering that minimize the processing steps in building complex systems leading to enhancements in photovoltaic parameters of a solar cell. With a PhD in materials science from the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, an MS in nanotechnology from the Ulm University, Germany, and a bachelor’s degree in metallurgical and materials engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, India, he is highly knowledgeable and proficient in his subject. Pham Thi Thu Trang, PhD, is currently working as R&D director at IREX Energy Joint stock company, a member of SolarBK, Vietnamese’s leading green energy utility company. Previously, she was a lecturer at the Univer- sity of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi. Her research varies from chemical synthesis of nanostructured materials for dye-sensitized solar cells and perovskite solar cells and device fabrication and characterization to performance enhancement for solar modules in solar farm, rooftop, and BIPV applications. She obtained her PhD degree from Nanyang Technological University (Singapore) and completed her postdocs at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France. CONTENTS Contributors ................................................................................................ix Abbreviations ..............................................................................................xi Preface. ......................................................................................................xv PART I: INTRODUCTION TO PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS....................1 Anita Wing Yi Ho-Baillie, Hemant Kumar Mulmudi, and Pham Thi Thu Trang 1. Perovskites Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications ................................3 2. Typical Configurations of Perovskite Solar Cells ......................................39 3. Current Status of High-Efficiency Solar Cells ...........................................65 4. Durability and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells ....................................77 PART II: ELECTRON-TRANSPORTING LAYERS IN PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS ........................................................................93 Pham Thi Thu Trang and Hemant Kumar Mulmudi 5. Metal Oxides as Electron Selective Contact ..............................................95 6. Organic N-Type Materials.........................................................................139 PART III: HOLE-TRANSPORTING LAYERS IN PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS ..................................................................................................157 Kunwu Fu and Pham Thi Thu Trang 7. Organic Hole-Transporting Materials .....................................................159 8. Inorganic Hole-Transporting Materials...................................................183 9. Hole-Transporting Free Perovskite Solar Cells.......................................201 PART IV: LEAD-FREE PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS.............................219 Hemant Kumar Mulmudi and Anita Wing Yi Ho-Baillie 10. Tin-Based Perovskites ................................................................................221 11. Germanium-Based Perovskites .................................................................235 12. Copper-Based Perovskites .........................................................................239 viii Contents 13. Double Perovskites .....................................................................................245 14. Bismuth-Based Perovskites .......................................................................251 15. Antimony-Based Perovskites ....................................................................261 PART V: TANDEM PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS AND OTHER ASPECTS............................................................................................................269 Anita Wing Yi Ho-Baillie 16. Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells for Photovoltaics ...................................271 17. Life Cycle Assessments ..............................................................................285 18. Commercial Prospects and Manufacturing Costs ..................................297 Index .....................................................................................................................305 CONTRIBUTORS Kunwu Fu NanoSurface Division, Bruker (Beijing) Scientific Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China E-mail: [email protected] Anita Wing Yi Ho-Baillie School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, 2052 Australia E-mail: [email protected] Hemant Kumar Mulmudi College of Engineering and Computer Science, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, 2600 Australia E-mail: [email protected] Pham Thi Thu Trang Bach Khoa Investment & Development of Solar energy corporation, No. 47, Le Van Thinh Street, Quarter 5, BrinhTrung Dong ward, District 2, HCMC, Vietnam E-mail: [email protected]
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