Performance of the jet transport airplane : analysis methods, flight operations, and regulations

671 Pages·2018·11.16 MB·English

by  Young

PerformanceoftheJetTransportAirplane
AerospaceSeries–RecentlyPublishedTitles
PerformanceoftheJetTransportAirplane:AnalysisMethods, Young October2017
FlightOperations,andRegulations
DifferentialGameTheorywithApplicationstoMissilesand Faruqi May2017
AutonomousSystemsGuidance
AdvancedUAVAerodynamics,FlightStabilityandControl: MarquesandDaRonch April2017
NovelConcepts,TheoryandApplications
IntroductiontoNonlinearAeroelasticity Dimitriadis April2017
IntroductiontoAerospaceEngineeringwithaFlight Corda March2017
TestPerspective
AircraftControlAllocation Durham,Bordignon January2017
andBeck
RemotelyPilotedAircraftSystems:AHumanSystems Cooke,Rowe,Bennett.Jr. October2016
IntegrationPerspective andJoralmon
AdaptiveAeroservoelasticControl Tewari March2016
TheoryandPracticeofAircraftPerformance Kundu,Price November2015
andRiordan
TheGlobalAirlineIndustry,SecondEdition Belobaba,Odoni July2015
andBarnhart
ModelingtheEffectofDamageinCompositeStructures: Kassapoglou March2015
SimplifiedApproaches
IntroductiontoAircraftAeroelasticityandLoads,2ndEdition WrightandCooper December2014
AircraftAerodynamicDesign:GeometryandOptimization So´besterandForrester October2014
TheoreticalandComputationalAerodynamics Sengupta September2014
AerospacePropulsion Lee October2013
AircraftFlightDynamicsandControl Durham August2013
CivilAvionicsSystems,2ndEdition Moir,Seabridge August2013
andJukes
ModellingandManagingAirportPerformance Zografos,Andreatta July2013
andOdoni
AdvancedAircraftDesign:ConceptualDesign,Analysisand Torenbeek June2013
OptimizationofSubsonicCivilAirplanes
DesignandAnalysisofCompositeStructures:WithApplications Kassapoglou April2013
toAerospaceStructures,2ndEdition
AircraftSystemsIntegrationofAir-LaunchedWeapons Rigby April2013
SeemoreAerospaceSeriestitlesatwww.wiley.com
Performance of the Jet Transport Airplane
AnalysisMethods,FlightOperations,andRegulations
TrevorM.Young
UniversityofLimerick,Ireland
Thiseditionfirstpublished2018
©2018JohnWileyandSonsLtd
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inany
formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.
Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailableat
http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
TherightofTrevorM.Youngtobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw.
RegisteredOffices
JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA
JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
EditorialOffice
TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWileyproductsvisitusat
www.wiley.com.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Somecontentthatappears
instandardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeavailableinotherformats.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:
Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthiswork,theymakenorepresentationsor
warrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisworkandspecificallydisclaimall
warranties,includingwithoutlimitationanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.
Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysalesrepresentatives,writtensalesmaterialsorpromotionalstatements
forthiswork.Thefactthatanorganization,website,orproductisreferredtointhisworkasacitationand/or
potentialsourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthatthepublisherandauthorendorsetheinformationor
servicestheorganization,website,orproductmayprovideorrecommendationsitmaymake.Thisworkissoldwith
theunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Theadviceandstrategies
containedhereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaspecialistwhereappropriate.
Further,readersshouldbeawarethatwebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappearedbetweenwhen
thisworkwaswrittenandwhenitisread.Neitherthepublishernorauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitorany
othercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages.
Thispublicationisintendedforeducationaluseandnotoperationaluse.Whileeveryefforthasbeenmadetoensure
thecorrectnessoftheinformationhereinpresented,undernocircumstancesshouldthisinformationbeusedfor
flightoperations.Informationhasbeenextracted—andinmanycases,forthesakeofconciseness,paraphrased
from—regulationsandspecificationsissuedbytheUnitedStatesFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)andthe
EuropeanAviationSafetyAgency(EASA).Forflightoperations,itisimperativethatthelatestrevisionsofthese
regulationsandspecificationsareconsulted.Thedataandinformationcontainedhereinhavebeencompiledbythe
author,anddonotreflecttheopinionofanyairplaneorenginemanufacturerorairline.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Young,TrevorM.,author.
Title:Performanceofthejettransportairplane:analysismethods,flightoperationsandregulations/byTrevorM.
Young,UniversityofLimerick,Ireland.
Description:Firstedition.|Hoboken,NJ,USA:Wiley,2018.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.|
Identifiers:LCCN2017014995(print)|LCCN2017037602(ebook)|ISBN9781118534762(pdf)|
ISBN9781118534779(epub)|ISBN9781118384862(pbk.)
Subjects:LCSH:Jettransports–Piloting.|Airplanes–Performance.|Aeronautics,Commercial.
Classification:LCCTL710(ebook)|LCCTL710.Y642017(print)|DDC629.133/349–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017014995
Coverimage:CourtesyofTrevorM.Young
Setin10/12ptWarnockProbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
Foreword xi
SeriesPreface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
 Introduction 1
1.1 DefinitionsofPerformance 1
1.2 CommercialAirTransportation 3
1.3 JetTransportAirplanes:AShortHistory 4
1.4 RegulatoryFramework 8
1.5 Performance-RelatedActivities 9
1.6 AnalysisTechniquesandIdealizations 12
References 14
 EngineeringFundamentals 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Notation,Units,andConversionFactors 18
2.3 Mass,Momentum,Weight,andGravity 21
2.4 BasicsofRigidBodyDynamics 26
2.5 BasicsofFluidDynamics 33
2.6 FurtherReading 43
References 43
 AerodynamicFundamentals 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 StandardDefinitionsandNotation 45
3.3 CoordinateSystemsandConventions 53
3.4 AerodynamicForcesandMoments 55
3.5 Compressibility 63
3.6 BoundaryLayers 65
3.7 HighLiftDevices 67
3.8 ControlsforPitch,Roll,andYaw 71
3.9 FurtherReading 75
References 75
 AtmosphereandWeather 77
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 InternationalStandardAtmosphere 77
vi Contents
4.3 Non-StandardandOff-StandardAtmospheres 85
4.4 TheRealAtmosphere 89
4.5 Weather 91
4.6 StabilityoftheAtmosphere 96
References 98
 HeightScalesandAltimetry 101
5.1 Introduction 101
5.2 HeightScales 101
5.3 Altimetry 104
5.4 FlightLevels,Tracks,andAirspace 111
References 114
 DistanceandSpeed 115
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 Distance 115
6.3 TrueAirspeed,GroundSpeed,andNavigation 118
6.4 SpeedofSoundandMachNumber 120
6.5 DynamicPressureandEquivalentAirspeed 121
6.6 CalibratedAirspeed 122
6.7 IndicatedAirspeed 127
6.8 RelationshipBetweenAirplaneSpeeds 128
References 130
 LiftandDrag 131
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 AirplaneLift 132
7.3 AirplaneDrag 137
7.4 DragPolar 143
7.5 DragPolarCorrections 150
7.6 Lift-to-DragRatio 158
7.7 MinimumDragCondition 162
7.8 MinimumDragPower(RequiredPower)Condition 164
7.9 MinimumDrag-to-SpeedRatioCondition 166
7.10 SummaryofExpressionsBasedontheParabolicDragPolar 169
References 171
 Propulsion 175
8.1 Introduction 175
8.2 BasicDescriptionoftheTurbofanEngine 176
8.3 EngineThrust 184
8.4 FuelFlowandThrustSpecificFuelConsumption 190
8.5 ThrustControl,EngineDesignLimits,andRatings 194
8.6 ThrustVariation 202
8.7 FuelFlowandTSFCVariation 209
8.8 InstallationLossesandEngineDeterioration 212
8.9 FurtherReading 217
References 218
Contents vii
 TakeoffPerformance 221
9.1 Introduction 221
9.2 TakeoffDistances 222
9.3 ForcesActingontheAirplaneDuringtheGroundRun 227
9.4 EvaluationoftheTakeoffDistancefromBrakeReleasetoRotation 232
9.5 RotationandClimb-OuttoCleartheScreenHeight 238
9.6 EmpiricalEstimationofTakeoffDistances 241
9.7 EvaluationofRejectedTakeoffRunwayDistances 244
9.8 WheelBraking 247
9.9 TakeoffonContaminatedRunways 252
References 255
 TakeoffFieldLengthandTakeoffClimbConsiderations 257
10.1 Introduction 257
10.2 TakeoffReferenceSpeeds 258
10.3 TakeoffWeightLimitations 261
10.4 RunwayLimitationsandData 265
10.5 OperationalFieldLengthandRunway-LimitedTakeoffWeight 268
10.6 TakeoffClimbGradientRequirements 272
10.7 TakeoffClimbObstacleClearance 274
10.8 DeratedThrustandReducedThrustTakeoff 277
References 280
 ApproachandLanding 283
11.1 Introduction 283
11.2 ProcedureforApproachandLanding 284
11.3 ForcesActingontheAirplaneDuringtheGroundRun 287
11.4 LandingDistanceEstimation 291
11.5 EmpiricalEstimationoftheLandingDistance 297
11.6 LandingonContaminatedRunways 298
11.7 FlightOperations 300
11.8 RejectedLanding 307
References 308
 MechanicsofLevel,Climbing,andDescendingFlight 311
12.1 Introduction 311
12.2 BasicEquationsofMotion 312
12.3 PerformanceinLevelFlight 315
12.4 PerformanceinClimbingFlight 319
12.5 PerformanceinDescendingFlight 334
12.6 FurtherReading 337
References 338
 CruisingFlightandRangePerformance 339
13.1 Introduction 339
13.2 SpecificAirRangeandStillAirRangeDetermination 340
13.3 AnalyticalIntegration 345
13.4 NumericalIntegration 351
viii Contents
13.5 CruiseOptimizationBasedonAerodynamicParameters 354
13.6 BestCruiseSpeedsandCruiseAltitudes 360
13.7 FurtherDetailsontheUseoftheBre´guetRangeEquation 363
13.8 InfluenceofWindonCruisePerformance 366
References 370
 HoldingFlightandEndurancePerformance 373
14.1 Introduction 373
14.2 BasicEquationforHolding/Endurance 374
14.3 AnalyticalIntegration 375
14.4 NumericalIntegration 378
14.5 FlightConditionsforMaximumEndurance 379
14.6 HoldingOperations 382
References 384
 MechanicsofManeuveringFlight 385
15.1 Introduction 385
15.2 TurningManeuvers 386
15.3 LevelCoordinatedTurns 389
15.4 ClimbingorDescendingTurns 396
15.5 LevelUncoordinatedTurns 398
15.6 LimitsandConstraintsinTurningManeuvers 400
15.7 PitchingManeuvers 403
15.8 TotalEnergy 404
References 409
 TripFuelRequirementsandEstimation 411
16.1 Introduction 411
16.2 ICAORequirements 412
16.3 FAARequirements 412
16.4 EASARequirements 414
16.5 TripFuelComputationalProcedure 416
16.6 Payload–RangePerformance 418
16.7 TripFuelBreakdownandFuelFractions 422
16.8 TripFuelEstimation 424
16.9 EstimatingTripDistances(ToBeFlown) 428
16.10 Transporting(Tankering)Fuel 429
16.11 Reclearance 430
16.12 FactorsThatCanImpactCruiseFuel 432
16.13 ImpactofSmallChangesonCruiseFuel 435
References 437
 EnRouteOperationsandLimitations 439
17.1 Introduction 439
17.2 ClimbtoInitialCruiseAltitude(EnRouteClimb) 440
17.3 CruiseAltitudeSelection 443
17.4 EnRouteEngineFailure 446
17.5 EnRouteCabinPressurizationFailure 450
17.6 ExtendedOperations 451
Contents ix
17.7 ContinuousDescentOperations 454
References 455
 CostConsiderations 457
18.1 Introduction 457
18.2 AirplaneOperatingCosts 458
18.3 CostIndex 461
18.4 UnitEnergyCost 468
References 474
 Weight,Balance,andTrim 477
19.1 Introduction 477
19.2 AirplaneWeightDefinitions 477
19.3 CenterofGravity 481
19.4 LongitudinalStaticStabilityandStabilizerTrim 485
19.5 CenterofGravityControl 490
19.6 OperationalWeightsandDispatchProcedures 491
19.7 PerformanceImplications 494
References 496
 LimitationsandFlightEnvelope 497
20.1 Introduction 497
20.2 Stall 497
20.3 High-SpeedBuffet 502
20.4 Altitude–SpeedLimitations 505
20.5 KeyRegulatorySpeeds 507
20.6 StructuralDesignLoadsandLimitations 510
20.7 V–nDiagram(FlightLoadEnvelope) 512
References 520
 NoiseandEmissions 523
21.1 Introduction 523
21.2 AirplaneNoise 523
21.3 NoiseRegulationsandRestrictions 526
21.4 NoiseAbatementandFlightOperations 530
21.5 AirplaneEmissions 532
21.6 MitigatingtheEffectsofAirplaneEmissions 537
References 540
 AirplaneSystemsandPerformance 543
22.1 Introduction 543
22.2 ReliabilityRequirementsforAirplaneSystems 543
22.3 CabinPressurizationSystem 544
22.4 EnvironmentalControlSystem 548
22.5 De-IcingandAnti-IcingSystems 549
22.6 AuxiliaryPowerSystem 550
22.7 FuelandFuelSystems 551
References 559