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Performance of the ALICE muon spectrometer. Weak boson production and measurement in heavy ... PDF

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UNIVERSITE´ DENANTES FACULTE´ DESSCIENCESETTECHNIQUES ————- E´COLEDOCTORALE SCIENCESETTECHNOLOGIESDEL’INFORMATIONETDESMATE´RIAUX N◦attribue´parlabibliothe`que Anne´e: 2007 Performance of the ALICE muon spectrometer. Weak boson production and measurement in heavy-ion collisions at LHC. 7 0 0 2 c e D 7 1 - 1 THE`SEDEDOCTORAT n o si Discipline: PhysiqueNucle`aire r e Spe´cialite´ : PhysiquedesIonsLourds v , 3 0 Pre´sente´eetsoutenuepubliquementpar 7 82 90 11 ZaidaCONESADELVALLE 07- 00 el-20 Le12juillet2007,devantlejuryci-dessous - tS I S E H7 0 N-T/20 Pre´sident K.WERNER,Professeur,Universite´deNantes,SUBATECH,Nantes 7 ER/0 Rapporteurs E.VERCELLIN,Professeur,UniversitadegliStudidiTorino,Torino C12 D.G.-D’ENTERRIAADAN,Charge´derecherche,CERN,Gene`ve Examinateurs E.AUGE,Professeur,Universite´Paris-SudXI,LAL,Orsay H.BOREL,Inge´nieurderecherche,CEA,Saclay Directeursdethe`se: G.MARTINEZGARCIA,Charge´derecherche,CNRS,SUBATECHNantes F.FERNANDEZMORENO,Professeur,UniversitatAuto`nomadeBarcelona N◦ED366-312 7 0 0 2 c e D 7 1 - 1 n o si r e v , 3 0 7 8 9 1 0 0 - el t Performance du spectrome`tre a` muons d’ALICE. Production et mesure des bosons faibles dans des collisions d’ions lourds aupre`s du LHC. 7 ——————– 0 0 2 c Performance of the ALICE muon spectrometer. Weak boson e D 7 production and measurement in heavy-ion collisions at LHC. 1 - 1 n o si r e v , 3 0 7 8 9 1 0 0 - el ZaidaCONESADELVALLE t SUBATECH,Nantes(France),2007 7 0 0 2 c e D 7 1 - 1 n o si r e v , 3 0 7 8 9 1 0 0 - el t Performance of the ALICE muon spectrometer. Weak boson production and measurement in heavy-ion collisions at LHC. 7 0 0 2 c e D 7 1 - 1 n o si TESISDOCTORAL r e v , Zaida Conesa del Valle 3 0 7 8 9 1 0 0 el- Directorsdetesis: t Gine´sMart´ınezGarc´ıa,SUBATECHNantes FranciscoFerna´ndezMoreno,UniversitatAuto`nomadeBarcelona GrupdeF´ısicadelesRadiacions,Bellaterra(Spain),2007 7 0 0 2 c e D 7 1 - 1 n o si r e v , 3 0 7 8 9 1 0 0 - el t Contents 7 0 Acknowledgements xi 0 2 c Abstract xiii e D 7 1 - I Introduction 1 1 n o 1 StudyingtheQuarkGluonPlasmainHeavyIonCollisions 3 si er 1.1 FromtheStandardModeltotheQuarkGluonPlasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 v 1.1.1 StandardModelandQuantumChromoDynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 , 3 0 1.1.2 LatticeQCDcalculations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7 8 9 1.2 ProbingtheQuarkGluonPlasmainHeavy-IonCollisions . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1 0 1.2.1 FromAGS&SPStoRHICandLHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 0 el- 1.2.2 Signatures: experimentalobservables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 t 1.2.3 HighlightsfromtheSPSHeavy-Ionprogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.2.4 RHICresultsinanutshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.3 Heavyquarksandquarkonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.3.1 Qualitativeformationanddecaytimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.3.2 Quarkoniaproductioninnucleon-nucleoncollisions . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.3.3 Productioninap-Acollisions: coldnucleareffects . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.3.4 ProductioninA-Bcollisions: hotnucleareffects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.3.5 Charmoniumdatainterpretation: remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.3.6 NovelaspectsofheavyflavorphysicsatLHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2 Weakbosonsinhadron-hadroncollisions 25 2.1 Qualitativeformationanddecaytimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.2 WhyshouldwestudyweakbosonsatLHC? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.3 Basicsoftheelectroweaktheory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.1 Historicaloutline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 vii Contents 2.3.2 Introductiontotheelectroweaktheoreticalformalism . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.3.3 Particularitiesoftheweakinteraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 II Experimentalapparatus 33 3 TheExperiment 35 3.1 TheLargeHadronCollider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.1.1 Thebeamtravelroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.2 TheALICEDetector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.2.1 Globaldetectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.2.2 CentralBarrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.2.3 MuonSpectrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4 Performanceofthemuonspectrometer: J/Ψandhigh-p muonmeasurements 59 T 7 4.1 Physicsmotivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 0 0 2 4.2 Basicsoftrackreconstructionwiththemuonspectrometer . . . . . . . . . . . 60 c 4.2.1 Triggerdecision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 e D 4.2.2 Reconstructionalgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 7 1 4.2.3 Sourcesofinefficiencyandvariouscontributionstomomentaresolution 64 - 1 4.3 Acceptancedetermination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 n 4.3.1 TheJ/Ψacceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 o si 4.4 Globalefficiencyevaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 r e v 4.4.1 Unfoldingtheefficiencywithaniterativemethod . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 , 3 4.4.2 Resultsondimuonpairs: theJ/Ψcase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 0 7 8 4.4.3 Resultsonsinglemuons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 9 1 4.5 Factorizedefficiencyapproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 0 0 4.5.1 Efficiencyfactorizationinthemuonspectrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 - el 4.5.2 Resultsondimuonpairs: theJ/Ψcase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 t 4.5.3 Intrinsictrackingchambersefficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.5.4 Resultsonsinglemuons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.6 Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 III Weakbosonproduction 91 5 WeakbosonproductionattheLHC 93 5.1 GenerationofweakbosonsatLHCenergies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.1.1 Productionphysicsprocesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.1.2 GenerationwithPYTHIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.2 ResultsonWbosonproductionatLHCenergies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.2.1 Proton-protoncollisionsat14TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.2.2 Lead-leadcollisionsat5.5TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.2.3 Proton-leadcollisionsat8.8TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 viii Contents 5.3 ResultsofZbosonproductionatLHCenergies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.3.1 Proton-protoncollisionsat14TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5.3.2 Lead-leadcollisionsat5.5TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.3.3 Preliminarystudiesinargon-argoncollisionsat6.3TeV . . . . . . . . . 114 5.4 Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 6 Weakbosonmeasurementwiththemuonspectrometer 117 6.1 MuonsourcesatLHCenergies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 6.1.1 WandZbosonsdecays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 6.1.2 Beautyandcharmmuonicdecays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 6.1.3 Hadronicdecayscontribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 6.1.4 Drell-Yancontribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 6.2 Singlemuonp distributioninhadron-hadroncollisions . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 T 7 6.2.1 Singlemuonmeasurementwiththemuonspectrometer . . . . . . . . 125 0 0 2 6.2.2 Muontriggerconditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 c e 6.3 PreliminaryresultsonZmeasurementfeasibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 D 7 6.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 1 - 1 n o IV Discussion 135 si r e v 7 ProbinghotanddenseQCDmatterwithhigh-p muonsattheLHC 137 T , 3 0 7.1 Weakbosonversusheavyquarkproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 7 8 7.1.1 Productionmechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 9 1 0 7.1.2 Nuclearpartondistributionfunctions: nuclearshadowing . . . . . . . 138 0 el- 7.2 Introductiontothetheoreticaltreatmentofheavyquarkenergyloss . . . . . . 139 t 7.2.1 QCDfactorizationtheorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 7.2.2 Mediuminducedgluonradiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 7.3 Arehigh-p muonsaffectedbythepresenceofathermalmedium? . . . . . . 143 T 7.4 TheWreferenceforhigh-p singlemuonsuppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 T 7.4.1 Nuclearmodificationfactor: R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 AA 7.4.2 Centralversusperipheralnuclearmodificationfactor: R . . . . . . 150 CP 7.4.3 Muonyieldratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 7.5 Outlook: Zbosonsinheavyioncollisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 7.5.1 Zbeautydecaychannel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 7.5.2 Zradiativedecays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Conclusions 155 A Commonlyusedabbreviations 157 ix Contents B Thefrontabsorberinfluenceonthemeasuredtrack 159 B.1 Energyloss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 B.2 Straggling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 B.3 MultipleCoulombscattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 C ParityviolationonWdecays 163 D Centralitydetermination: theGlaubermodel 165 D.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 D.2 Formalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 D.2.1 Proton-nucleus(p-A)collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 D.2.2 Nuclei-nuclei(A-B)collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 D.2.3 ”Hard”collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 D.2.4 Centralitydependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 7 Bibliography 177 0 0 2 c Index 187 e D 7 1 - 1 n o si r e v , 3 0 7 8 9 1 0 0 - el t x

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Werner for being members of my thesis committee. During the preparation of my thesis I have had the pleasure to work within the .. and PHOBOS (the name of the larger and innermost of Mars two moons). χL are the spinor doublets, the subscript L denotes the left-handed spinors and records the.
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