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Performance Appraisal Systems In Higher Education PDF

197 Pages·2016·2.02 MB·English
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UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff CCeennttrraall FFlloorriiddaa SSTTAARRSS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2009 PPeerrffoorrmmaannccee AApppprraaiissaall SSyysstteemmss IInn HHiigghheerr EEdduuccaattiioonn:: AAnn EExxpplloorraattiioonn OOff CChhrriissttiiaann IInnssttiittuuttiioonnss Forrest Flaniken University of Central Florida Part of the Education Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SSTTAARRSS CCiittaattiioonn Flaniken, Forrest, "Performance Appraisal Systems In Higher Education: An Exploration Of Christian Institutions" (2009). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 3857. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/3857 PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEMS IN HIGHER EDUCATION: AN EXPLORATION OF CHRISTIAN INSTITUTIONS by FORREST W. FLANIKEN B.A. Davidson College, 1976 M.B.A. Vanderbilt University, 1979 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the Department of Educational Research, Technology and Leadership in the College of Education at the University of Central Florida Orlando, FL Fall Term 2009 Major Professor: Rosa Cintrón ©2009 Forrest W. Flaniken ii ABSTRACT Although there is substantial literature on the use of performance appraisal in the for- profit world, there is little literature available concerning the appraisal of staff positions in higher education. More knowledge is needed in this area since there is considerable research indicating that performance appraisal creates benefits to an organization and its employees. This study provides a comprehensive review of the development and use of performance appraisal in the United States, and a detailed look at the purposes, benefits, and challenges of performance appraisal. The study found a very high usage of staff performance appraisal in its population of 108 Christian colleges and universities. However, it also found a significant amount of dissatisfaction with the appraisal process due to (a) lack of leadership support for the appraisal process, (b) supervisors not being held accountable for the timely completion of their appraisals, and (c) the lack of training provided supervisors for doing performance appraisals well. iii Dedicated to my wife, Kristen iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very appreciative of the help, insight, wisdom, and encouragement I received from my doctoral advisor, Dr. Rosa Cintrón, and for her incessant drive for excellence throughout this research. I am grateful as well for the additional members of my dissertation committee - Dr. George Pawlas, Dr. Tom Owens, and Dr. Tammy Boyd – for the investment of their time, knowledge, and support to help bring this research to successful completion. I am extremely thankful for my wife Kristen, and for my sons Forrest III, Nelson, and Spencer, who stood with me throughout this doctoral program with their love, support, and patience, and who encouraged me to complete the task which I had begun. And finally, I want to express thanks to my employer, Wycliffe Bible Translators, Inc., who was very supportive of my participation in this program for the past several years. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix  LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. x  CASE STUDY ................................................................................................................... xi  CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1  General Background .................................................................................................... 2  Purposes of Performance Appraisal ..................................................................... 4  Benefits of Performance Appraisal ...................................................................... 5  Difficulties with Performance Appraisal .............................................................. 6  Impact of Organizational Structure and Culture on Performance Appraisal........ 8  Accountability in Higher Education ..................................................................... 9  Performance Appraisal in Higher Education ........................................................ 9  Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................... 10  Conceptual Framework .............................................................................................. 13  Research Questions .................................................................................................... 20  Limitations and Delimitations ................................................................................... 20  Definition of Terms ................................................................................................... 21  Significance of the Study ........................................................................................... 23  Summary .................................................................................................................... 24  CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 25  Historical Development of Performance Appraisal ................................................... 25  Early Beginnings ................................................................................................ 25  Development of Performance Appraisal in the United States ............................ 25  Trends in Performance Appraisal .............................................................................. 28  Evaluation Methods ............................................................................................ 28  Rating Scale Format ........................................................................................... 35  Performance Appraisal and the Legal System .................................................... 39  Guidelines for a Successful Performance Appraisal System ..................................... 42  Challenges of Performance Appraisal ....................................................................... 47  Development of Performance Appraisal within Higher Education ........................... 52  Administration of Higher Education .................................................................. 52  vi Changing Expectations and Roles of Academic Administrators ....................... 58  Faculty Performance Appraisal in Higher Education ................................................ 60  The Work of Faculty .......................................................................................... 62  Goals of Faculty Appraisal ................................................................................. 65  Organizational Governance and Performance Appraisal in Higher Education ......... 68  Distinctive Characteristics .................................................................................. 68  Organizational Governance ................................................................................ 72  Organizational Culture and Performance Appraisal .................................................. 78  Collegial Culture ................................................................................................ 79  Managerial Culture ............................................................................................. 80  Developmental Culture ....................................................................................... 81  Advocacy Culture ............................................................................................... 82  Virtual Culture .................................................................................................... 83  Tangible Culture ................................................................................................. 84  Relevance of Culture to Performance Appraisal ................................................ 85  Religiously Affiliated Colleges and Universities ...................................................... 87  Challenges Facing Religiously Affiliated Institutions ....................................... 88  Distinctives of Christian Colleges and Universities ........................................... 90  Additional Characteristics of Christian Colleges and Universities .................... 94  History of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities ......................... 95  Governance, Freedom, and Accountability in Christian Institutions ................. 97  Summary .................................................................................................................... 98  CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 100  Introduction .............................................................................................................. 100  Population and Setting ............................................................................................. 100  Research Design and Rationale for Design ............................................................. 101  Instrument Development ......................................................................................... 103  Pilot Study ............................................................................................................... 104  Data Analysis ........................................................................................................... 107  Authorization to Conduct the Study ........................................................................ 108  Originality Score ...................................................................................................... 109  CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF DATA ........................................................................... 110  Introduction .............................................................................................................. 110  vii Population ................................................................................................................ 110  Research Question 1 ................................................................................................ 110  Research Question 2 ................................................................................................ 115  Research Question 3 ................................................................................................ 116  Responses to Open-Ended Question ........................................................................ 121  Summary .................................................................................................................. 124  CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......... 125  Statement of the Problem ......................................................................................... 125  Methodology ............................................................................................................ 126  Summary and Discussion of the Findings ............................................................... 126  Introduction ...................................................................................................... 126  Research Question 1 ......................................................................................... 127  Research Question 2 ......................................................................................... 132  Research Question 3 ......................................................................................... 134  Implications for Practice .......................................................................................... 137  Implications for Future Research ............................................................................. 144  CASE STUDY REVISITED .......................................................................................... 148  APPENDIX A: CHRONOLOGY OF EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ............................................................................ 149  APPENDIX B: COPYRIGHT PERMISSION LETTERS ............................................. 154  APPENDIX C: INSTITUTIONS THAT ARE MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL FOR CHRISTIAN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES ........................................................ 157  APPENDIX D: RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION OF THE MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL FOR CHRISTIAN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES ............................................... 161  APPENDIX E: EXAMPLES OF EMAILS SENT TO RECIPIENTS OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ........................................................................................................ 163  APPENDIX F: SURVEY OF USE OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL FOR STAFF POSITIONS .................................................................................................................... 169  APPENDIX G: IRB APPROVAL LETTER .................................................................. 174  REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 177  viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Context of Student Affairs Staffing Practices .................................................... 14  Figure 2 Components of Staffing in Student Affairs ........................................................ 17  Figure 3 A Systems Approach to Effective Appraisals .................................................... 43  ix

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