Table Of ContentPERFORMANCE
ANALYSIS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AND
LOCAL AREA
NETWORKS
THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES
IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
PERFORMANCE
ANALYSIS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AND
LOCAL AREA
NETWORKS
by
Wah Chun Chan
The University of Calgary
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBookISBN: 0-306-47312-7
Print ISBN: 0-792-37701-X
©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
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To my wife Yu-Chih and our children
Eileen, Jean, Vivian and An-Wen
Wah-Chun Chan
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Wah-Chun Chan is Professor of Electrical and Computer
Engineering at the University of Calgary at Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
He received his B.Sc. degree from National Taiwan University, M.Sc.
degree from the University of New Brunswick and Ph.D. degree from
the University of British Columbia. Prior to his appointment at the
University of Calgary in 1967, he was a Systems Engineer for
NorthernElectric Co. (now Nortel Technology) in Ottawa, Ontario.
Dr. Chan has published extensively in professional journals. In
addition to telecommunication systems, his research interests include
optimal control systems, variable structure control systems, queueing
theory and reliability analysis.
Dr. Chan and his co-workers were awarded the IEE Ambrose
Fleming Premium in 1974 for the papers: (a) “Waiting time in
common-control queueing system”, (b) “Transient in a single-server
queueing system”, and (c) “Multiserver computer controlled queueing
system with preemptive priorities and feedback”.
PREFACE
A telecommunication network conveys information by means of
transmission links. These links are connected by switching systems and
controlled by a signaling system. The network provides many services for
exchange of information over distance. Thus, public-switched telephone
networks as well as computer networks have become an integral part of
modern society's infrastructure. Today, these networks are used extensively
in business, in social life, in education and in entertainment. In particular,
virtually all engineers and computer scientists need to understand the basic
principles governing the operation and performance of telecommunications
and computer networks.
SCOPE
The book is concerned with performance analysis in
telecommunications and local area networks. It is designed to provide an
understanding of the fundamental principles of teletraffic engineering.
Emphasis is placed on the modeling techniques using queueing theory for the
public-switchedtelephone network and local area networks.
The Telephone Network. The telephone network interconnects
millions of telephones around the world. It offers a two-way, circuit-
switched voice service and achieves a quality of service by setting up a
communicationpath between two or more users.
Local Area Networks. A local area network (LAN) provides
interconnection of a variety of data communicating devices within a small
area. It is generally privately owned by a single organization. A typical
example of the LAN technology is the Ethernet.
WHY WRITE SUCH A BOOK
These exist several books on the performance analysis of data
networks or computer networks. Most of them are at a higher mathematical
level.
This book attempts to present the essentials of queueing theory at a
level that undergraduate students and practicing engineers can understand.
After presenting the theory, applications to the analysis of practical networks
follow.
WHO ARE THE INTENDED READERS
The book should appeal to undergraduate students. It can be used as a
textbook for a course on telecommunications and local area networks. With
some supplementary material the book can also be used for a graduate
course. The practicing engineers may find the book useful for self-study,
because of the emphasis on practical applications.
The material covered in this book is based on a series of lecture notes
developed by the author in the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering at the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
The text is organized as follows. After an introductory chapter
presenting some basic concepts and terminology of teletraffic engineering,
Chapter two provides some basic theory on transmission systems. Chapter
three discusses the congestion problem in switching systems, while Chapter
four introduces the basic principles of queueing theory. Emphasis is placed
on modelling techniques and the physical significance of the theory. The rest
of the text, Chapter five to Chapter ten, is devoted to applications of
queueing theory to performance analysis of the public-switched telephone
networks and local area networks. There are numerous examples which
illustrate the applications of the theory. The text assumes that the reader has
some background in elementary probability theory and random processes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author owes a special thanks to Mrs. Ella Gee for her skillful
typing of the manuscript several times. In addition, the author wishes to
thank his wife, Jane (Yu-Chih Liu). Without her support and understanding
this text could not have been written.
Contents
Preface .............................................................................................. ix
1. INTRODUCTION TO TELECOMMUNICATION SYS-
TEMS ...................................................................................... 1
1-1 Introduction .................................................................... 1
1-2 Examples of Telecommunication Systems ....................... 5
1-3 Elements of a Telecommunication System ....................... 13
1-4 Topological Structure of Telecommunication
Networks ......................................................................... 15
1-5 Signals and Their Characteristics ..................................... 21
1-6 Transmission Media and Their Characteristics ................. 21
1-7 Quality of Service in Telephone Networks ...................... 22
1-8 Fundamentals of Voice Traffic and Data Traffic .............. 24
1-9 Outline of the Book .......................................................... 28
1-10 Summary ......................................................................... 31
References ........................................................................ 32
Problems ........................................................................... 32
2. TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS ................................................... 33
2-1 Introduction ...................................................................... 33
2-2 Subscriber Loop Design ................................................... 40
2-2-1 Basic Resistance Design ...................................... 41
2-2-2 Basic Transmission Design .................................. 44
2-3 Unigauge Design for Telephone Customer Loop
Plants ............................................................................... 51
2-4 Signal Multiplexing .......................................................... 52
2-4-1 Space-Division Multiplexing ................................ 52
2-4-2 Frequency-Division Multiplexing ......................... 53
2-4-3 Time-Division Multiplexing ................................. 54
xii
2-5 DigitalTransmission Systems .......................................... 55
2-5-1 Asynchronous Transmission ................................ 60
2-5-2 Synchronous Transmission ................................... 60
2-6 Optical Fiber Transmission Systems ................................ 62
2-7 Summary .......................................................................... 65
References ........................................................................ 66
Problems ........................................................................... 66
3. SWITCHING SYSTEMS.......................................................... 69
3-1 Introduction ...................................................................... 69
3-2 Centralized Switching ....................................................... 72
3-3 Switching Techniques ....................................................... 76
3-3-1 Space-Division Switching .................................... 76
3-3-2 Time-Division Switching ..................................... 77
3-3-3 Frequency-DivisionSwitching ............................. 78
3-4 Congestion in Space-Division SwitchingNetworks ......... 79
3-4-1 Switching Matrices ............................................... 82
3-4-2 MultistageNetworks ............................................ 84
3-4-3 Link Systems ........................................................ 87
3-4-3-1 Two-Stage Link Systems ........................ 88
3-4-3-2 Three-Stage Link Systems ...................... 90
3-4-3-3 Three-Stage Link Systems Using a
Collection Stage ..................................... 92
3-5 Nonblocking Networks ..................................................... 96
3-6 Three-Stage Networks with Retrials ................................. 100
3-7 Congestion in Time-Division Switching Networks .......... 101
3-8 Summary ........................................................................... 112
References .......................................................................... 112
Problems............................................................................. 113
4. MODELING OF TRAFFIC FLOWS, SERVICE TIMES
AND SINGLE-SERVER QUEUES ....................................... 117
4-1 Introduction ...................................................................... 117
4-2 The Poisson InputProcess ............................................... 121
