PERCEPTIONS OF PARENTAL EMOTIONAL AVAILABILITY AND STUDENTS' ADJUSTMENT TO ...

109 Pages·2007·0.47 MB·English

PERCEPTIONS OF PARENTAL EMOTIONAL AVAILABILITY AND STUDENTS(cid:146)
ADJUSTMENT TO COLLEGE

Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this
dissertation is my own or was done in collaboration with my advisory committee. This
Dissertation does not include proprietary or classified information.

___________________________________
Heath Alan Willingham

Certificate of Approval:

_______________________ _______________________
John C. Dagley Jamie S.Carney, Chair
Associate Professor Professor
Counselor Education, Counselor Education,
Counseling Psychology, and Counseling Psychology, and
School Psychology School Psychology

_______________________ _______________________
Jill Salisbury-Glennon George T. Flowers
Associate Professor Interim Dean
Educational Foundations, Graduate School
Leadership, and Technology
PERCEPTIONS OF PARENTAL EMOTIONAL AVAILABILIY AND STUDENTS(cid:146)
ADJUSTMENT TO COLLEGE

Heath Alan Willingham

A Dissertation
Submitted to
The Graduate Faculty of
Auburn University
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the
Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy

Auburn, Alabama
May 10, 2007
PERCEPTIONS OF PARENTAL EMOTIONAL AVAILABILIY AND STUDENTS(cid:146)
ADJUSTMENT TO COLLEGE

Heath Alan Willingham

Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this dissertation at its
discretion upon request of individuals or institutions and at their expense. The author
reserves all publication rights.

________________________
Signature of Author

________________________
Date of Graduation

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VITA
Heath Alan Willingham, son of John Willingham and Judy Flowers Stalcup, was
born July 2, 1974 in Birmingham, Alabama. He graduated from Bradshaw High School
in Florence, Alabama, in 1992. After graduating from Auburn University in 1997 with a
Bachelor of Science in Family and Child Development, he received a Master of Arts in
Biblical Studies from Lipscomb University in Nashville, Tennessee in 1999 and
completed a Master of Science in Community Counseling from the University of South
Alabama in 2003. He is also a Licensed Professional Counselor. Heath married Shanna
Leigh (Cates) Willingham, daughter of Paul Cates and Janet Cates, May 29, 1999. They
have two children, Sophia and Sara.

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DISSERTATION ABSTRACT
PERCEPTIONS OF PARENTAL EMOTIONAL AVAILABILIY AND STUDENTS(cid:146)
ADJUSTMENT TO COLLEGE

Heath Alan Willingham
Doctor of Philosophy, May 10, 2007
(M.S., University of South Alabama, 2003)
(M.A., Lipscomb University, 1999)
(B.S., Auburn University, 1997)

111 Typed Pages
Directed by Jamie Carney

The purpose of the current study was to examine the possible relationship
between an individual(cid:146)s perceptions of emotional availability from their parents and their
adjustment to college. Differences in parental roles and gender of participants were also
discussed. Participants included 153 males (64) and females (89) from one private
university and one public university in the Southeastern United States. Their class
standing ranged from freshmen to juniors and age ranges were 18 to 21. Participants were
asked to complete instruments asking about their perceptions of parental emotional
availability (LEAP) and their adjustment to college (SACQ). Regression and
correlational analyses were used to analyze the data.
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The current study found both positive and negative relationships between the
variables of emotional availability and college adjustment. Some of these relationships
were found to be statistically significant. The most noteworthy finding in the current
study was that female participant(cid:146)s perception of mother(cid:146)s emotional availability was
significantly related to their social adjustment to college.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my wife Shanna
Cates Willingham. Her love, devotion and sacrifices provided the support and
encouragement I needed to achieve this academic goal. She is a fantastic woman. I would
also like to thank my committee members Dr. Jamie Carney, Dr. John Dagley, and Dr.
Jill Salisbury-Glennon, for their supportive critiques and commitment in this process.
Thank you also to Robin Taylor for her assistance in the statistical analysis of the data
collected. A special thank you also to Dr. Paul Cates, who provided his time, wisdom and
support in this efforts.

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Style manual or journal used Publications Manual of the American Psychological
Association, 5th edition
Computer Software used Microsoft Word 2002 and the Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences (SPSS), 12.0 (2002)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................1
Emotional Availability.........................................................................................1
Student Adjustment to College.............................................................................4
Purpose................................................................................................................7
Significance of Study...........................................................................................7
Research Questions..............................................................................................9
Definition of Terms..............................................................................................9
Summary...........................................................................................................10
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE..........................................................11
Introduction.......................................................................................................11
Attachment Theory............................................................................................12
The Strange Situation.........................................................................................13
Attachment and Fathers......................................................................................16
Attachment and Peer Relationships....................................................................17
Parent(cid:146)s versus Children(cid:146)s Perceptions in Attachment........................................17
Emotional Availability.......................................................................................19
Adjustment to College........................................................................................38
Attachment and Adjustment to College..............................................................39
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Attachment, Adjustment to College and Diverse Populations.............................42
Parenting Styles/Relationships with Parents and Adjustment to College.............43
Measures of Adjustment to College....................................................................44
Summary...........................................................................................................46
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY..................................................................................47
Research Questions............................................................................................47
Participants........................................................................................................47
Instruments........................................................................................................48
LEAP.................................................................................................................48
SACQ................................................................................................................49
Procedure...........................................................................................................51
Data Analysis.....................................................................................................52
Summary...........................................................................................................52
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS...............................................................................................54
Demographics....................................................................................................54
Reliabilities........................................................................................................54
LEAP.................................................................................................................54
SACQ................................................................................................................55
Statistical Analysis.............................................................................................55
Relationship between Emotional Availability and College Adjustment...............55
Parental Role in Emotional Availability and College Adjustment.......................56
Gender Differences in Perceptions of Emotional Availability and College
Adjustment ........................................................................................................56
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