Pdedestrial Planning and Design

219 Pages·1987·9.992 MB·English

by  John J. Fruin

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ELEVATORW ORLD, INC.
Educational Services Division
P.O. Box 8507
354 Morgan Avenue
Mobile, Alabama 36606
First Printing: 1971
Editor: Dr. Edmund J. Cantilli
Design and Graphics: Mr. Bartolo Basile
Second Printing: 1987
Revision Editor: George R. Strakosch
Third Printing: 2017
PEDESTRIAN PLANNING AND DESIGN
Copyright © 1971 by John J. Fruin ,
Copyright © 1987 by ELEVATOR WORLD, INC. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United
States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior written per
mission of the publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Number 70-159312
This revised edition of the original "Pedestrian
Planning and Design" first published by the
Metropolitan Association of Urban Designers and
Environmental Planners, Inc. in 1971, has been
made possible by the efforts of Dr. Fruin and
Elevator World Inc., Educational Services
Division.
As foremost supporters of proper and safe
pedestrian transportation and recognizing the
need for proper and safe access to such transpor
tation as well as the areas in and around
buildings, Elevator World is pleased to make this
book available to planners, architects, building
owners and managers, vertical and horizontal
transportation specialists and all who are con
cerned. with improving our urban environment.
George Strakosch, Revisions Editor
PEDESTRIAN PLANNING AND DESIGN (Revised Edition) is published
to foster and improve communication between the various factors responsible
for planning and designing facilities used by the public. The author and
publisher suggest that the material be used as stimulation to thinking and not
as dinictives. They publish this material without accepting responsibility for
its absolute accuracy, but with hope that the vast majority of it will have
validity for the field. The ideas expressed therein should be tempered by
recognized engineering practices, guidelines, codes and standards.
PEDESTRIAN PLANNING AND DESIGN (Revised Edition) ia available
from Elevator World, Inc., Educational Services Division, P.O. Box 6507,
Loop Branch, Mobile, AL 36606,

Preface
The title "Pedestrian Planning and Design", may be
considered by some to be a misnomer, since only the
Good Lord can plan or design a pedestrian. The intent
of the book, however, is to help fill the broad gap that
exists in the planning and design of building and street
spaces for comfortable and convenient human use.
Much of this book is based on the author's dissertation,
"Designing for Pedestrians", but this title was not used
because it did not fully convey the objective and scope
intended.
The beginning of the book establishes the impor
tance of walking in urban design, and the problems
of pedestrians in today's cities. There is a brief insight
into some of the human physiological and psychologi
cal factors that affect the planning and design of
pedestrian spaces. The traffic and space characteristics
of pedestrians are developed in sufficient detail for an
understanding of pedestrian traffic relationships. Sup
plementarywritten and pictorial descriptions of pedes
trian traffic interactions at various human space oc
cupancies provide a useful supplement for evaluating
the environmental design quality of pedestrian build
ing and street spaces.
The objectives of pedestrian planning programs,
study procedures and methods of plan implementation
are illustrated, and the design discussion is supple
mented by illustrative examples. The book closes with
a short review of some of the programs that are in
progress for the improvement of the pedestrian en
vironment.
John J. Fruin, Ph.D.

ont nts
ChapterO ne PedestrianM an
The long Walk 1
The Pedestrian and the City of the Past 2
The Pedestrian and the City of Today 1
Pedestrian Safety 12
The Handicapped Pedestrian 15
ChapterT wo Human CharacteristicRse lated
To PedestrianD esign
Human BodyD imensions- - The Body' Ellipse 19
The Perceptiono f Personal Space-
The BodyB uffer Zone 20
Space Zonesi n Locomotion 25
Walking 26
Locomotiono n Stairs 30
The Perception of Urban Space 33
ChapterT hree Traffica nd SpaceC haracteristics
of Pedestrians
Some Fundamentalso f Traffic Design 37
Walking Speeds 39
Traffic flows on Walkways 43
PedestrianS pacinga nd Conflicts 47
Entrances 50
Speed of Locomotiono n Stairs 54
Traffic Flow on Stairways 59
PedestrianQ ueuing 62
Some Noteso n Arrival Processes 69
ChapterF our Level-of-ServicDee sign
Standards
The Level-of-ServiceC oncept 71
Walkway Standards 72
Stairway Standards 79
QueuingS tandards 84

Chapter Five PedestrianM overs-"Pedmovers"
Elevators 89
Escalators 96
Moving Walks 106
People Movers 111
Chapter Six Elementso f PedestrianP lanning
Planning Goals and Objectives 115
Inventory and Data Collection 121
Improvement Programs for Pedestrians 136
Chapter Seven Elements of Pedestrian Design
Pedestrian Traffic Demand 147
Appplication of Service Standards 150
System Requirements 152
functional Elements of Building Space Design 156
The Design of Street Spaces 170
Pedestrian Walking Distances 175
Designing for Handicapped Pedestrians 177
Chapter Eight New Developmentisn Planned
PedestrianE nvironments
The London Barbican - Out of the Ashes 183
Montreal and Toronto - Pedestrian Subways 186
Cincinnati and Minneapolis - Pedestrian Skyways 188
Boston - a Moving Sidewalk for Downtown 193
Underground Atlanta - "Hidden Gold" 195
New York - a Seaport Heritage 195
Bibliography 199
IllustrationC redits 204
Index 205