Pavement Drainage: Theory and Practice

255 Pages·2019·43.129 MB·\255

by  G L Sivakumar Babu (Author), Prithvi S. Kandhal (Author), Nivedya Mandankara Kottayi (Author), Rajib Basu Mallick (Author), Amirthalingam Veeraragavan (Author)

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Pavement Drainage

Theory and Practice
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Pavement Drainage

Theory and Practice
G.L. Sivakumar Babu
Prithvi S. Kandhal
Nivedya Mandankara Kottayi
Rajib Basu Mallick
Amirthalingam Veeraragavan
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CRC Press
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Dedication

In loving memories of Professor Braj Bhushan Pandey (1940–2018),
Former Professor and Department Head, Civil Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, and Professor C. E. G.
Justo (1935–2019), Former Professor and Head, Department of
Civil Engineering and Principal, UVCE., Bangalore University,
Bangalore, who dedicated their lives toward pavement engineering
and inspired generations.
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Contents

Preface .......................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................xv
Authors ...................................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Pavements – Overview .........................................................................1
1.1 What Is a Pavement and Why Do We Need It? ..........................1
1.2 Layers and Their Functions........................................................2
1.3 Relevant Properties of Materials ................................................3
1.4 Factors that Influence the Life of Pavements .............................5
1.5 Mix and Structural Design of Pavements...................................9
1.6 Overview of the Role of Water in Pavement Performance ......15
References ..........................................................................................16
Chapter 2 Estimation of Surface Runoff from Storm Water ...............................19
2.1 Rational Method .......................................................................19
2.2 NRCS Curve Number (CN) Method (NRCS, 2004) ...............23
References ..........................................................................................35
Chapter 3 Estimation of Subsurface Water .........................................................37
References ..........................................................................................42
Chapter 4 Pavement Drainage Structures ...........................................................43
4.1 Sources of Water ......................................................................43
4.2 Typical Drainage Structures in Pavements...............................43
4.3 Drainage Structures in Airports ...............................................45
4.3.1 Detention and Retention Ponds ..................................47
4.4 Culvert ......................................................................................48
4.4.1 Culvert Hydraulics .....................................................53
4.4.1.1 Culvert Hydraulic Analysis and
Design by HY8 ............................................54
4.4.2 Repair and Rehabilitation of Culverts ........................62
4.4.3 Culvert Economics .....................................................62
4.5 Detention and Retention Ponds ................................................63
4.5.1 Estimating Discharge for Detention and
Retention Ponds ..........................................................66
4.6 Surface Drainage System .........................................................67
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4.6.1 Inlets ...........................................................................71
4.7 Subsurface Drainage – Permeable Base
Pavements Structures ...............................................................73
4.7.1 Design of Permeable Base ..........................................78
4.7.1.1 Materials for Permeable Base .....................81
4.7.2 Design of Separator or Filter Layer ............................81
4.7.2.1 Pipes ............................................................83
4.7.2.2 Geotextile Separator Layer .........................88
4.7.3 Design of Edgedrains .................................................97
4.8 Use of Software for the Design of Drainage Structures ........103
References ........................................................................................114
Chapter 5 Factors that Govern the Flow of Water .............................................117
5.1 Hydraulic Conductivity ..........................................................117
5.2 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity .....................................118
5.3 Flow of Water Through Pavement Layers ..............................120
5.4 Analytical Model for Predicting the Flow of Water in
Pavements ..............................................................................134
5.4.1 Model Description ....................................................135
5.4.2 Model Calibration ....................................................137
5.4.3 Model Application: Rainfall Simulation ..................138
References ........................................................................................138
Chapter 6 The Impact of Water in Pavements ...................................................141
6.1 The Impact of Water on Pavement Distress
and Condition .........................................................................141
6.1.1 East- West Pennsylvania Turnpike, USA ..................144
6.1.2 North- East Extension of Pennsylvania
Turnpike, USA .........................................................147
6.1.3 Interstate 40, Oklahoma, USA .................................148
6.1.4 Will Rogers Parkway, Oklahoma, USA ...................149
6.2 The Impact of Water on the Structural Strength of
Pavements ..............................................................................150
6.3 The Flood Impact and Assessment of Impact on Roads ........161
References ........................................................................................165
Chapter 7 Subsurface Drainage Structures – Construction and
Maintenance .....................................................................................167
7.1 Construction of Subsurface Drainage Systems ......................167
7.1.1 Permeable Bases .......................................................170
7.1.2 Unstabilized Permeable Bases..................................170
7.1.3 Asphalt Stabilized Permeable Bases ........................171
7.1.4 Cement Stabilized Permeable Bases ........................172
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7.2 Separator Layer ......................................................................173
7.2.1 Aggregate Separator Layer .......................................173
7.2.2 Geotextile Separator Layer .......................................174
7.3 Longitudinal Pavement Edgedrains .......................................175
7.4 Trench and Pipe .....................................................................175
7.4.1 Location for Concrete Pavements ............................176
7.4.2 Location for Asphalt Pavements ...............................177
7.5 Transverse, Lateral Outlet Pipes ............................................177
7.6 Headwalls ...............................................................................178
7.7 Video Inspection ....................................................................178
7.8 Maintenance of Subsurface System .......................................180
7.9 Past Experience with Performance of Asphalt
Treated Permeable Bases (ATPB) ..........................................180
7.10 Filter Design ...........................................................................181
7.11 Geocomposite Drain ..............................................................183
7.12 Geocomposite Capillary Barrier Drain (GCBD) ...................186
7.13 Framework for Drainage System under New
PCC Pavement .......................................................................188
7.14 Risk Analysis for Pavement Subsurface Drainage
System Design .......................................................................198
7.15 Determination of Pavement Permeability ..............................198
References ........................................................................................201
Chapter 8 Interlayers .........................................................................................203
8.1 Geotextiles .............................................................................203
8.1.1 RoadDrainTM .............................................................203
8.1.2 GlasPave® ................................................................204
Reference ..........................................................................................206
Chapter 9 Performance and Need for Maintenance of Drainage Structures .....207
9.1 Survey of States .....................................................................207
References ........................................................................................210
Chapter 10 Sustainable Drainage ........................................................................213
10.1 Porous Asphalt Pavements (PAP) ..........................................213
10.1.1 Design of PAP ..........................................................216
10.1.2 Construction and Maintenance .................................219
10.2 Pervious Concrete ..................................................................219
10.2.1 Design of PC ............................................................220
10.3 Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement (PICP) ..............223
10.3.1 Design of PICP .........................................................226
10.3.2 Construction and Maintenance of PICP ...................226