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Patterns of Interaction: Computational Design Across Scales PDF

96 Pages·2023·3.563 MB·English
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SpringerBriefs in Architectural Design and Technology Pia Fricker · Toni Kotnik Patterns of Interaction Computational Design Across Scales SpringerBriefs in Architectural Design and Technology Series Editor Thomas Schröpfer, Architecture and Sustainable Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore Indexed by SCOPUS Understanding the complex relationship between design and technology is increasingly critical to the field of Architecture. The Springer Briefs in Architectural Design and Technology series provides accessible and comprehensive guides for all aspects of current architectural design relating to advances in technology including material science, material technology, structure and form, environmental strategies, building performance and energy, computer simulation and modeling, digital fabrication, and advanced building processes. The series features leading international experts from academia and practice who provide in-depth knowledge on all aspects of integrating architectural design with technical and environmental building solutions towards the challenges of a better world. Provocative and inspirational, each volume in the Series aims to stimulate theoretical and creative advances and question the outcome of technical innovations as well as the far-reaching social, cultural, and environmental challenges that present themselves to architectural design today. Each brief asks why things are as they are, traces the latest trends and provides penetrating, insightful and in-depth views of current topics of architectural design. Springer Briefs in Architectural Design and Technology provides must-have, cutting-edge content that becomes an essential reference for academics, practitioners, and students of Architecture worldwide. · Pia Fricker Toni Kotnik Patterns of Interaction Computational Design Across Scales Pia Fricker Toni Kotnik Aalto University Aalto University Espoo, Finland Espoo, Finland ISSN 2199-580X ISSN 2199-5818 (electronic) SpringerBriefs in Architectural Design and Technology ISBN 978-981-19-9082-3 ISBN 978-981-19-9083-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9083-0 © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Foreword: Perpetual Boundary Judgments Patterns of Interaction addresses timely topics and concepts that permeate contem- porary discourses. These link together urban design, architecture, and landscape architecture from an environmental perspective, and include urbanization, ground, topology, performance and implicitly also environment, in the greater sense, as a set of complex dynamic relations. The authors outline a particular approach to design involving a methodological framework that combines aspects of design thinking, systems thinking, and design computing. Tackling such multifaceted topics inevitably necessitates the making of frequent boundary judgments, i.e., timely and spontaneous decisions as to what is to be included or excluded from the approach and from the design agenda as the approach is developed. Werner Ulrich developed Critical Systems Heuristics [1], a key concept of critical systems thinking, as a conceptual framework for boundary critique [2]. In general, professional propositions require choices regarding which facts (observations) and norms (valuation standards) are considered relevant and are included, as well as those, which are less relevant and can be left out. However, every aspect that requires boundary judgments can also be subject to change. This already begins at a primary conceptual level when insights and discourse change, as, for instance, in the case with what constitutes an environment [3], and furthermore what role politics [4], practices [5] or experiences [6] can play in offset- ting previous understandings or opening new inroads. When defining or selecting a conceptual approach, for instance, in the notion of performance, it is necessary to select related items, relations, and dynamics. Performance requires agency, which indicates the capacity with which something is able to act in the world. Actor-Network Theory positioned agency as a non-human trait, thereby making it possible to think of all human and non-human entities as actors or actants possessing agency [7]. This entails an understanding of the performative capacity of the items and therefore also of their dynamic relations to other items in their setting [8]. Given that these dynamic relations form networks, it becomes clear that boundary judgments are ephemeral and might change in any process of environmental transformation, e.g., by way of urbanization and construction. v vi Foreword:PerpetualBoundaryJudgments Given today’s prolific pursuit and development of discourse, primary and secondary concepts are frequently reframed. This makes it very challenging to address, as this book does, questions of urbanization, ground, topology, performance, and related issues of figure–ground, grounding, operativity (presumably from a prag- matist perspective), patterns, organized matter, etc. And in this context clearly no boundary judgment is without immediate and substantial consequence. The same is true for boundary judgments related to the methodological approach. Design thinking and systems thinking deliver useful inroads in terms of framing design problems and solution spaces. Yet again, there exist a wide array of different approaches. The same applies to design computing. Today, Ian McHargs’ work is a frequent key reference, not only in terms of approach, but also in terms of establishing a specific methodological use of data and thereby initiating Geographic Information Systems [9]. Still, the question remains, as to which aspects, dynamics, and scale ranges should be selected and focused on. Pim Martens stated, “a new research paradigm is needed that is better able to reflect the complexity and the multi-dimensional character of sustainable development. The new paradigm … must be able to encompass different magnitudes of scale (of time, space, and function), multiple balances (dynamics), multiple actors (interests) and multiple failures (systemic faults)” [10]. To incorporate this in a computational approach presents numerous challenges but entails, in the first instance, the ques- tion whether to aim for an all-inclusive type of world model or an approach that is based on models that are custom assembled and tailored to a context-specific design task. Furthermore, data-integrated approaches to trans-scalar urban and architectural design are attracting growing interest and attention and require careful and thorough examination [11–13] . That this is not just theoretical deliberation becomes clear when examining approaches related to the one revealed in this book, overlapping with and differing from Landscape Urbanism [14] or various concepts of ground [15–17]. Given all these challenges, books like Patterns of Interaction constitute impor- tant contributions to the development of design approaches that link urban design, architecture, and landscape architecture in order to provide more sound and environmentally and ecologically positive results. Great insight may be gained into their understanding when such works disclose the boundary judgments that were continually made to progress in their development. Vienna, Austria Michael Hensel References 1. Ulrich W (1983) Critical heuristics of social planning: A new approach to practical philosophy. Wiley, London 2. Ulrich W (1996) A primer to critical systems heuristics for action researchers. Centre for Systems Studies, University of Hull Foreword:PerpetualBoundaryJudgments vii 3. Benson ES (2020) Surroundings—A history of environments and environmentalisms. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 4. Latour B (2018) Down to earth: politics in the new climatic regime. Polity Press, Cambridge 5. Hensel M (2019) The rights to ground: integrating human and non-human perspectives in an inclusive approach to sustainability. Sustainable Development, 27, 245–251 6. Ingold T (2000) The perception of the environment—essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill. Routledge: London 7. Latour B (2005) Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network Theory. Oxford University Press, London 8. Hensel M (2013) Performance-oriented architecture—rethinking architectural design and the built environment. Wiley: London 9. McHarg IL (1969) Design with nature. Doubleday, Garden City 10. Martins P (2006) ‘Sustainability: science or fiction?’. Sustainability: Sci Pract Policy 1(2): 36–41 11. Hensel M, Sørensen SS (2019) Performance-oriented architecture and urban design—relating information-based design and systems-thinking in architecture. FORMAkademisk 12(2):1–17 12. Sungurog˘lu Hensel D, Tyc J, Hensel M (2022) Data-driven design for architecture and environ- ment integration: Convergence of data-integrated workflows for understanding and designing environments. Spool 9(1):19–34 13. Chokhachian A, Hensel M, Perini K (eds) (2022) Informed urban environments: Data- integrated design for human and ecology-centred perspectives. Springer, The Urban Book Series 14. Waldheim Ch (2006) The landscape urbanism reader. Princeton Architectural Press, New York 15. Rajchman J (1998) Constructions. The MIT Press, Cambridge 16. Hensel M, Sungurog˘lu Hensel D (2010) Extended thresholds I: Nomadism, settlements, and the defiance of figure-ground. Architect Design 80(1):14–19 17. Hensel M, Turko JP (2015) Grounds and envelopes—reshaping architecture and the built environment. Routledge, London Contents 1 Introduction .................................................... 1 References ...................................................... 4 2 Convergence .................................................... 5 2.1 Figure Without Ground ....................................... 5 2.2 Grounding .................................................. 9 2.3 Operative Surfaces ........................................... 12 2.4 Layered Land-Scape ......................................... 16 2.5 Operative Layers ............................................ 20 2.6 Contextual Figuration of Ground .............................. 25 References ...................................................... 28 3 Patterns of Interaction ........................................... 31 3.1 Topological Turn ............................................ 31 3.2 Topological Design Thinking .................................. 34 3.3 Patterns That Connect ........................................ 39 3.4 Organized Matter ............................................ 42 References ...................................................... 47 4 Computing Land-Scapes ......................................... 49 4.1 Performative Patterns ........................................ 49 4.2 Digital Ecology Extended .................................... 51 4.3 Operative Extension of Nature ................................. 53 4.4 On the Notion of Flows ...................................... 57 4.5 Umweltecture—Sustainable Visions Between Architecture and Landscape .............................................. 64 References ...................................................... 66 Epilogue ........................................................... 69 ix About the Authors Pia Fricker is Professor of Computational Methodologies in Landscape Architec- ture and Urbanism at Aalto University, Finland. She holds a doctorate degree in Architecture and a postgraduate degree in Computer Aided Architectural Design from ETH Zurich. Her research and teaching link urban design and landscape archi- tecture to the field of computational design culture through the lens of emerging technologies. Prior to her current position, she was Director of Postgraduate Studies in Landscape Architecture at the ETH Zurich. She is a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Digital Landscape Architecture, the Scientific Program Committee of the DLA conference, several Peer Review Committees, and expert peer reviewer for the International Journal of Architectural Computing, the Urban Planning Journal and the Journal of Architecture and Urbanism. Pia Fricker has published extensively, and her work has been exhibited, amongst others, at the Venice Biennale, the National Design Centre Singapore, the Museum of Modern Art – EMMA, as well as at the Helsinki Design Week. Toni Kotnik is Professor of Design of Structures at Aalto University in Helsinki, Finland. He studied architecture, mathematics and computational design in Germany, Switzerland and the US and received his doctoral degree from the University of Zurich. Before joining Aalto he taught among others at the ETH in Zurich, the Architectural Association in London, the Institute for Experimental Architecture at the University of Innsbruck and the Singapore University of Technology and Design. He has been lecturing at universities worldwide as well as at museums like the Guggenheim in Bilbao or the MOMA in New York. His practice and research work has been published and exhibited internationally, including the Venice Biennale, and is centered on the integration of knowledge from science and engineering into architectural design thinking and the exploration of organizational principles and formal methods as design driver at the intersection of art and science xi

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