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Pathways to Astronomy PDF

809 Pages·2008·268.02 MB·English
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W hether you are learning astronomy for the first time or teaching it for the tenth time, Pathways to Astronomy offers the flexibility of exploring astronomy following the path of your choosing. Pathways to Astronomy divides the fascinating field of astronomy into 84 units, from which you can select topics according to your interests, while maintaining a flow of presentation. For instructors: Pathways to Astronomy lets you customize the units to fit your course needs and to cover the units in the order you prefer. You can select individual units to be explored in lecture and assign other units for study. Pathways to Astronomy makes it simple for you to apply the text material to your own particular teaching approach. For students: Pathways to Astronomy makes it easy to grasp each topic and to clearly relate the content from each unit to the material from lecture. The conciseness of each unit enables you to master one topic before moving on to the next one, so you will not be overwhelmed with too many topics being presented at once. choose your own destination with M D D A L I M # 9 McGraw-Hill’s ARIS (Assessment Review and Instruction System) 75 9 Makes homework meaningful—and manageable—for instructors 8 5 and students: 7 /2 8 • Instructors can assign and grade text-specific homework within the industry’s most /0 8 robust and versatile homework management system. C Y • Students can access multimedia learning tools and benefit from practice via A N algorithmic problems and self-quizzes. M • Go to www.mhhe.com/schneider to learn more and register! A G Y About the Cover E L O The cover artwork is based on images of the Earth, a solar eclipse, interstellar gas, and a B galaxy. It illustrates ideas about the processes of formation and change, and the L K interconnections between objects on many different scales. Pathways to Astronomy Second Edition Stephen E. Schneider Professor of Astronomy University of Massachusetts, Amherst Thomas T. Arny Professor of Astronomy, Emeritus University of Massachusetts, Amherst sscchh0044445544__ffmm..iinndddd ii 88//55//0088 1111::4488::1199 AAMM PATHWAYS TO ASTRONOMY, SECOND EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of Th e McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2009 by Th e McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous edition © 2007. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of Th e McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QPD/QPD 0 9 8 ISBN 978–0–07–340445–5 MHID 0–07–340445–4 Publisher: Th omas Timp Sponsoring Editor: Debra B. Hash Director of Development: Kristine Tibbetts Senior Developmental Editor: Mary E. Hurley Senior Marketing Manager: Lisa Nicks Project Manager: April R. Southwood Senior Production Supervisor: Sherry L. Kane Senior Media Project Manager: Sandra M. Schnee Designer: Tara McDermott Cover/Interior Designer: Rokusek Design Lead Photo Research Coordinator: Carrie K. Burger Photo Research: Mary Reeg Compositor: ICC Macmillan Inc. Typeface: 10.5/12 Minion Printer: Quebecor World Dubuque, IA Th e credits section for this book begins on page C-1 and is considered an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schneider, Stephen E. (Stephen Ewing), 1957– Pathways to astronomy / Stephen E. Schneider, Th omas T. Arny. —2nd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978–0–07–340445–5 — ISBN 0–07–340445–4 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Astronomy— Textbooks. I. Arny, Th omas. II. Title. QB43.3.S36 2009 520–dc22 2008019729 www.mhhe.com sscchh0044445544__ffmm..iinndddd iiii 88//55//0088 1111::4488::2233 AAMM To my father, who taught me the night sky when I was little. —Steve sscchh0044445544__ffmm..iinndddd iiiiii 88//55//0088 1111::4488::2244 AAMM sscchh0044445544__ffmm..iinndddd iivv 88//55//0088 1111::4488::2255 AAMM ABOUT THE AUTHORS Stephen Schneider is a professor and Thomas Arny is an emeritus professor in the Astronomy Department at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, which is part of the Five College Astronomy Department (comprising faculty from UMass, Amherst, Hampshire, Mt. Holyoke, and Smith Colleges). Both are recipients of their college’s Outstanding Teacher Award, and they have collectively taught introductory astronomy for over 50 years to students with a wide variety of backgrounds. P rofessor Schneider’s interest in astronomy began at the amateur level when he was a child. He pursued an astronomy degree from Harvard as an under- graduate and obtained his Ph.D. from Cornell. His dissertation work received the Trumpler Award of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, and he was named a Presidential Young Investigator. He works closely with science teachers presenting many workshops and special courses each year. He also loves to draw and paint. Thomas T. Arny received his undergraduate degree from Haverford College and his Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Arizona. In addition to his interest in astronomy, he has a long-standing fascination with the natural world: weather (especially atmospheric optics such as rainbows), birds, wildflowers, and butterflies. v sscchh0044445544__ffmm..iinndddd vv 88//55//0088 1111::4488::2255 AAMM BRIEF CONTENTS Preface xv Unit 21 Light, Matter, and Energy 157 Looking Up Illusrations xxv Unit 22 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 166 Unit 23 Thermal Radiation 173 Unit 24 Atomic Spectra: Identifying Atoms by Their Light 179 Unit 25 The Doppler Shift 188 PART I Unit 26 Detecting Light 191 Unit 27 Collecting Light 198 THE COSMIC LANDSCAPE 3 Unit 28 Focusing Light 203 Unit 1 Our Planetary Neighborhood 4 Unit 29 Telescope Resolution 211 Unit 2 Beyond the Solar System 13 Unit 30 The Earth’s Atmosphere and Space Observatories 217 Unit 3 Astronomical Numbers 22 Unit 31 Amateur Astronomy 226 Unit 4 Foundations of Astronomy 30 Unit 5 The Night Sky 38 Unit 6 The Year 45 Unit 7 The Time of Day 56 PART III Unit 8 Lunar Cycles 63 THE SOLAR SYSTEM 237 Unit 9 Calendars 75 Unit 10 Geometry of the Earth, Moon, and Sun 82 Unit 32 The Structure of the Solar System 238 Unit 11 Planets: The Wandering Stars 90 Unit 33 The Origin of the Solar System 247 Unit 12 The Beginnings of Modern Astronomy 99 Unit 34 Other Planetary Systems 258 Unit 13 Observing the Sky 107 Unit 35 The Earth as a Terrestrial Planet 266 Unit 36 Earth’s Atmosphere and Hydrosphere 277 Unit 37 Our Moon 287 Unit 38 Mercury 297 PART II Unit 39 Venus 304 Unit 40 Mars 311 PROBING MATTER, LIGHT, AND Unit 41 Asteroids 322 THEIR INTERACTIONS 119 Unit 42 Comparative Planetology 330 Unit 14 Astronomical Motion: Inertia, Mass, and Force 120 Unit 43 Jupiter and Saturn 341 Unit 15 Force, Acceleration, and Interaction 125 Unit 44 Uranus and Neptune 348 Unit 16 The Universal Law of Gravity 130 Unit 45 Satellite Systems and Rings 354 Unit 17 Measuring a Body’s Mass Using Orbital Motion 135 Unit 46 Ice Worlds, Pluto, and Beyond 364 Unit 18 Orbital and Escape Velocities 139 Unit 47 Comets 375 Unit 19 Tides 145 Unit 48 Impacts on Earth 385 Unit 20 Conservation Laws 151 vi sscchh0044445544__ffmm..iinndddd vvii 88//55//0088 1111::4488::2255 AAMM PART IV PART V STARS AND STELLAR GALAXIES AND THE UNIVERSE 565 EVOLUTION 395 Unit 70 Discovering the Milky Way 566 Unit 49 The Sun, Our Star 396 Unit 71 Stars of the Milky Way 573 Unit 50 The Sun’s Source of Power 406 Unit 72 Gas and Dust in the Milky Way 581 Unit 51 Solar Activity 414 Unit 73 Mass and Motions in the Milky Way 590 Unit 52 Surveying the Stars 424 Unit 74 A Universe of Galaxies 599 Unit 53 Special Relativity 435 Unit 75 Types of Galaxies 608 Unit 54 Light and Distance 444 Unit 76 Galaxy Clustering 620 Unit 55 The Temperatures and Compositions of Stars 451 Unit 77 Active Galactic Nuclei 629 Unit 56 The Masses of Orbiting Stars 459 Unit 78 Dark Matter 638 Unit 57 The Sizes of Stars 464 Unit 79 Cosmology 646 Unit 58 The H-R Diagram 470 Unit 80 The Edges of the Universe 655 Unit 59 Overview of Stellar Evolution 478 Unit 81 The Beginnings of the Universe 666 Unit 60 Star Formation 486 Unit 82 The Fate of the Universe 677 Unit 61 Main-Sequence Stars 495 Unit 83 Astrobiology 687 Unit 62 Giant Stars 502 Unit 84 The Search for Life Elsewhere 696 Unit 63 Variable Stars 509 Unit 64 Mass Loss and Death of Low-Mass Stars 515 Unit 65 Exploding White Dwarfs 522 Unit 66 Old Age and Death of Massive Stars 528 Unit 67 Neutron Stars 538 Unit 68 Black Holes 545 Unit 69 Star Clusters 555 vii sscchh0044445544__ffmm..iinndddd vviiii 88//55//0088 1111::4488::2299 AAMM sscchh0044445544__ffmm..iinndddd vviiiiii 88//55//0088 1111::4488::3300 AAMM

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