Passivation and Corrosion of Black Rebar with Mill Scale

147 Pages·2023·6.19 MB·English

by  Xinying Lu

Engineering Materials
Xinying Lu
Passivation
and Corrosion
of Black Rebar
with Mill Scale
Engineering Materials
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Indexed at Compendex (2021)
Xinying Lu
Passivation and Corrosion
of Black Rebar with Mill
Scale
Xinying Lu
School of Civil Engineering
Tsinghua University
Beijing, China
ISSN 1612-1317 ISSN 1868-1212 (electronic)
Engineering Materials
ISBN 978-981-19-8101-2 ISBN 978-981-19-8102-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8102-9
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Doing research is somewhat like the
“blind men and an elephant”.
Life journey is the same…
Preface
Corrosion of black rebar is an old topic. There are so many publications available,
and the causes either by concrete carbonation or chloride attack are well known. It
seems nothing new or worthy to talk.
After so many rebar corrosion cases encountered in the past decades, I got realized
that there might be some big differences in corrosion behavior between the black
rebar with mill scale in field and the polished one in lab. So, we began to work on it
in the late 1990s.
After the millennium, Prof. Shiyuan Huang from Tongji University encouraged
me to write an elementary book on rebar corrosion for civil engineers based on our
observations to reduce the problems in practice, and gave me Dr. Tuutti’s dissertation
as encouragement.
Unfortunately, the expected book never comes out since we haven’t got the final
answer even in the last 20 years.
In order not to regret more, I have prepared this monograph to provide some of our
preliminary observations for engineers’ reference even though it is far from perfect.
The readers are assumed to have some basic knowledge about the metallic corrosion
already. It includes nine chapters:
Chapter 1: Passivation of iron. Mainly introduces the discovery of passivation and
the passive films of pure iron under different conditions.
Chapter 2: Determination methods of passivation. Potentiodynamic polarization
and surface analysis methods are briefly introduced.
Chapter 3: Passivation of rebars without mill scale. Mainly introduces the passive
film of rebar without mill scale under strong alkaline conditions, which is the
foundation of the existing principles.
Chapter 4: Mill scale of hot-rolled rebars. Mainly introduces the forma-
tion, composition, and structure of the mill scale as well as its semiconductive
characteristics.
Chapter 5: Passivation of hot-rolled rebars. The main reaction mechanisms and
passivation behavior of rebar with mill scale are introduced.
Chapter 6: Redox reactions of hot-rolled rebars. Mainly introduces the redox
phenomenon and the mechanisms of the mill scale.
vii
viii Preface
Chapter 7: Corrosion of hot-rolled rebars. The differences in corrosion between
hot-rolled rebars and the descaled ones are briefly introduced.
Chapter 8: Protection of hot-rolled rebars. Briefly introduces some measures that
can be used for the corrosion prevention of hot-rolled rebars.
Chapter 9: Further work needs to do. Some considerations about the future work.
Here, I would like to say thanks to my students, who once worked on this
subject or some work related, Wei Lin, Yuanjin Li, Xin Wang, Guiyang Zhang,
Kun Jiang, Xinyun Gu, Xiaojia Liu, Hao Li, Rongpeng Li, Yang Li, Chao Lin, Fei
Lin, Xiaoshuang Wang, etc. This monograph mainly quotes the key results of the
first three students. Especially thank Yuanjin Li and Xin Wang for their primary
contributions to this monograph.
Thanks also to my teachers, friends, and relatives who have always encouraged,
supported, and cared about me!
I’d like to say thanks to those friends who have given the criticism and negative
opinions. Without your help, we would take much more detours. Thank you very
much!
Limited to our knowledge, mistakes in the monograph are inevitable. Any
comments or corrections are all welcome.
Beijing, China Xinying Lu
February 2022
About This Book
The passivation and corrosion of any metal or alloy are significantly affected by its
surface state and chemical characteristics. Therefore, the passivating and corroding
behaviors of the black rebar with mill scale or rust stains are quite different from that
of the descaled one. The pseudo-passivation and the corrosion mechanisms as well
as the corresponding protection measures of the hot-rolled black rebars are briefly
introduced in this monograph. The early pre-rusted rebars are ready to corrode all
the time and they need more attention in practice. This monograph can be a reference
for corrosion or civil engineers.
ix
Contents
1 Passivation of Iron ............................................. 1
1.1 Discovery and Explanation of Passivation ..................... 1
1.2 E-pH .................................................... 3
1.3 Passive Films of Iron ....................................... 5
1.4 Summary ................................................ 13
References ..................................................... 13
2 Determination Methods of Passivation ........................... 17
2.1 Passivatability and Self-Passivity ............................ 17
2.2 Determination of Passivity .................................. 18
2.2.1 Potentiodynamic Polarization Method .................. 18
2.2.2 Other Methods ..................................... 21
2.3 Summary ................................................ 24
References ..................................................... 24
3 Passivation of Rebars Without Mill Scale ......................... 27
3.1 Potentiodynamic Polarization of Rebars Without Mill Scale ..... 27
3.2 Passive Films of Rebars Without Mill Scale ................... 30
3.2.1 Produced by Anodic Polarization ...................... 30
3.2.2 Produced by Natural Immersion ....................... 31
3.3 Passivation Characteristics of Descaled Rebars ................ 32
3.4 Summary ................................................ 33
References ..................................................... 36
4 Mill Scale of Hot-Rolled Rebars ................................. 37
4.1 High-Temperature Oxidation of Iron ......................... 37
4.2 Formation of Mill Scale .................................... 39
4.2.1 Oxidation Process ................................... 39
4.2.2 Rolling Defects ..................................... 40
4.3 Microstructure of Rebar Mill Scale .......................... 42
4.3.1 Surface Morphology ................................ 42
4.3.2 Section Morphology ................................. 44
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