Particle Physics

122 Pages·2012·2.594 MB·English

by  E. Kennedy

PARTICLE PHYSICS 

Edited by Eugene Kennedy
Particle Physics
Edited by Eugene Kennedy

Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2012 InTech
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First published April, 2012
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Particle Physics, Edited by Eugene Kennedy
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0481-0

Contents

Preface VII
Chapter 1 The Generation Model of Particle Physics 1
Brian Robson
Chapter 2 Constraining the Couplings
of a Charged Higgs to Heavy Quarks 29
A. S. Cornell
Chapter 3 Introduction to Axion Photon Interaction
in Particle Physics and Photon
Dispersion in Magnetized Media 49
Avijit K. Ganguly
Chapter 4 The e-Science Paradigm for Particle Physics 75
Kihyeon Cho
Chapter 5 Muon Colliders and Neutrino Effective Doses 91
Joseph John Bevelacqua

Preface

Interest in particle physics continues apace. With the Large Hadron Collider showing 
early tantalizing glimpses of what may yet prove to be the elusive Higgs Boson, 
particle physics remains a fertile ground for creative theorists. While the Standard 
model of particle physics remains hugely successful, nevertheless it is still not fully 
regarded as a complete holistic description. This book describes the development of 
what is termed the generation model, which is proposed as an alternative to the 
standard model and provides a new classification approach to fundamental particles. 
A  further  chapter  describes  an  extension  to  the  standard  model  involving  the 
possibility of a charged Higgs boson and includes an outline of how experimental 
evidence may be sought at LHC and B‐factory facilities. Coupling of postulated axion 
particles to photons is tackled with particular reference to magnetized media, together 
with possible implications for detection in laboratory experiments or astrophysical 
observations. Modern particle physics now involves major investments in hardware 
coupled with large‐scale theoretical and computational efforts. The complexity of such 
synergistic coordinated entities is illustrated within the framework of the e‐science 
paradigm. Finally, an unexpected and interesting description of the potential radiation 
hazards associated with extremely weakly interacting neutrinos is provided in the 
context of possible future designs of intense muon‐collider facilities. 

Eugene Kennedy 
Emeritus Professor 
School of Physical Sciences, 
Dublin City University 
Ireland

1
The Generation Model of Particle Physics
Brian Robson
Department of Theoretical Physics, Research School of Physics and Engineering,
The Australian National University, Canberra
Australia
1.Introduction
The main purpose of this chapter is to present an alternative to the Standard Model (SM)
(Gottfried and Weisskopf, 1984) of particle physics. This alternative model, called the
Generation Model (GM) (Robson, 2002; 2004; Evans and Robson, 2006), describes all the
transition probabilities for interactions involving the six leptons and the six quarks, which
form the elementary particles of the SM in terms of only three unified additive quantum
numbers instead of the nine non-unified additive quantum numbers allotted to the leptons
andquarksintheSM.
The chapter presents (Section 2) an outline of the current formulation of the SM: the
elementary particles and the fundamental interactions of the SM, and the basic problem
inherent in the SM. This is followed by (Section 3) a summary of the GM, highlighting the
essential differences between the GM and the SM. Section 3 also introduces a more recent
development of a composite GM in which both leptons and quarks have a substructure.
ThisenhancedGMhasbeennamedtheCompositeGenerationModel(CGM)(Robson,2005;
2011a). In this chapter, for convenience, we shall refer to this enhanced GM as the CGM,
wheneverthesubstructureofleptonsandquarksisimportantforthediscussion. Section4
focusesonseveralimportantconsequencesofthedifferentparadigmsprovidedbytheGM.
Inparticular: theoriginofmass,themasshierarchyoftheleptonsandquarks,theoriginof
gravityandtheoriginofapparentCPviolation,arediscussed. Finally,Section5providesa
summaryanddiscussesfutureprospects.
2.Standardmodelofparticlephysics
TheStandardModel(SM)ofparticlephysics(GottfriedandWeisskopf,1984)wasdeveloped
throughoutthe20thcentury,althoughthecurrentformulationwasessentiallyfinalizedinthe
mid-1970s following the experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks (Bloom et al.,
1969;Breidenbachetal.,1969).
The SM has enjoyed considerable success in describing the interactions of leptons and the
multitudeofhadrons(baryonsandmesons)witheachotheraswellasthedecaymodesofthe
unstableleptonsandhadrons.Howeverthemodelisconsideredtobeincompleteinthesense
that it provides no understanding of several empirical observations such as: the existence
ofthreefamiliesorgenerationsofleptonsandquarks, whichapartfrommasshavesimilar
properties;themasshierarchyoftheelementaryparticles,whichformthebasisoftheSM;the
natureofthegravitationalinteractionandtheoriginofCPviolation.
22 PWailrl-tbiec-sleet- bPy-IhNy-TsECicHs
InthissectionasummaryofthecurrentformulationoftheSMispresented: theelementary
particlesandthefundamentalinteractionsoftheSM,andthenthebasicprobleminherentin
theSM.
2.1ElementaryparticlesoftheSM
IntheSMtheelementaryparticlesthataretheconstituentsofmatterareassumedtobethe
sixleptons:electronneutrino(νe),electron(e−),muonneutrino(νμ),muon(μ−),tauneutrino
(ντ),tau(τ−)andthesixquarks:up(u),down(d),charmed(c),strange(s),top(t)andbottom
(b), together with their antiparticles. These twelve particles are all spin-1 particles and fall
naturallyintothreefamiliesorgenerations: (i)νe,e−,u,d;(ii)νμ,μ−,c,s2;(iii)ντ,τ−,t,b.
EachgenerationconsistsoftwoleptonswithchargesQ=0andQ=−1andtwoquarkswith
charges Q = +2 and Q = −1. Themassesoftheparticlesincreasesignificantlywitheach
3 3
generationwiththepossibleexceptionoftheneutrinos,whoseverysmallmasseshaveyetto
bedetermined.
In the SM the leptons and quarks are allotted several additive quantum numbers: charge
Q, lepton number L, muon lepton number Lμ, tau lepton number Lτ, baryon number A,
strangeness S, charm C, bottomness B and topness T. These are given in Table 1. For
each particle additive quantum number N, the corresponding antiparticle has the additive
quantumnumber−N.
particle Q L Lμ Lτ A S C B T
νe 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
e− −1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
νμ 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
μ− −1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
ντ 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
τ− −1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
u [phone]
3 3
d −1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
3 3
c [phone]
3 3
s −1 0 0 0 1 −1 0 0 0
3 3
t [phone]
3 3
b −1 0 0 0 1 0 0 −1 0
3 3
Table1.SMadditivequantumnumbersforleptonsandquarks
Table1demonstratesthat,exceptforcharge,leptonsandquarksareallotteddifferentkinds
ofadditivequantumnumberssothatthisclassificationoftheelementaryparticlesintheSM
isnon-unified.
The additive quantum numbers Q and A are assumed to be conserved in strong,
electromagneticandweakinteractions. TheleptonnumbersL,LμandLτ arenotinvolvedin
stronginteractionsbutarestrictlyconservedinbothelectromagneticandweakinteractions.
The remainder, S, C, B and T are strictly conserved only in strong and electromagnetic
interactionsbutcanundergoachangeofoneunitinweakinteractions.
The quarks have an additional additive quantum number called “color charge", which can
takethreevaluessothatineffectwehavethreekindsofeachquark,u,d,etc.Theseareoften