Parenting and Family Processes in Child Maltreatment and Intervention

204 Pages·2017·5.121 MB·English

by  Douglas M. Teti (eds.)

Child Maltreatment Solutions Network
Douglas M. Teti
Editor
Parenting and
Family Processes in
Child Maltreatment
and Intervention
Child Maltreatment Solutions Network

More information about this series at h ttp://www.springer.com/series/15457
Douglas M. Teti
Editor
Parenting and Family
Processes in Child
Maltreatment
and Intervention
Editor
Douglas M. Teti
Human Development & Family Studies
The Pennsylvania State University
University Park , PA , USA
ISSN 2509-7156 ISSN 2509-7164 (electronic)
Child Maltreatment Solutions Network
ISBN 978-3-319-40918-4 ISBN 978-3-319-40920-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40920-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016957840
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017
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To Mark Chaffi n 1952-2015
Scholar, colleague and friend
And a leader in the fi eld of child
maltreatment research
Pref ace
This volume is the direct outgrowth of a recent meeting, held at Penn State
University on May 5–6, 2014, entitled “The role of parenting and family processes
in child maltreatment and intervention.” This meeting’s and this volume’s central
purpose was to bring together internationally renowned scholars to address child
maltreatment in terms of the roles that family processes, and in particular parent–
child processes, play in the etiology, impact, treatment, and prevention of maltreat-
ment. The hope was and is to push family science toward the development of
innovative approaches in the study of the etiology of maltreatment, a broader under-
standing of the transmission of child maltreatment and/or parenting-at-risk across
generations, and new ideas on how best to treat and, ideally, prevent maltreatment.
The conference was the third conference on the overall topic of child maltreatment
organized by Penn State’s Network on Child Protection and Well-Being and was
supported by many sponsors within and external to Penn State.
L ike the meeting, this volume is organized into four main parts. The fi rst part,
Child Maltreatment and Family Processes, addresses child maltreatment in the
context of the broader family system. Sherry Hamby’s lead-off chapter emphasizes
the point that child maltreatment frequently occurs as part of a larger “web-of-
violence,” with multiple forms of maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse,
neglect) commonly co-occurring in multiply-stressed families. The high frequency
and overlapping causes of poly-victimization emphasize the need for child- and
family-c entered approaches to the study and treatment of maltreatment. Hamby fur-
ther argues against unidimensional treatment approaches that purport to remediate
a specifi c child problem and for more resilience-based approaches that are more
likely to provide the kinds of comprehensive, multilayered, developmentally
informed treatments needed for maltreated children and their families.
M argaret Wright addresses the complex role of social supports in the short- and
long-term impact of maltreatment. She calls attention to the fact that children’s
informal social networks, which include but can extend beyond the immediate fam-
ily, may not be consistently supportive and could even be hostile and rejecting.
Wright advocates that an important part of treatment is to provide “corrective
r elationship experiences” for the child and to bring in formal supports to assist
families attempting to cope with the realities of maltreatment disclosure.
vii
viii Preface
I n the fi nal chapter in this part, Nancy Kellogg addresses the specifi c supportive
roles that clinicians can play when disclosure takes place. These are many and var-
ied and tied to the specifi c circumstances in each family. Clinicians can, for exam-
ple, help families understand the various ways children disclose maltreatment; that
disclosure is rarely a single event but can unfold over months and even years; that
sexual abuse is not necessarily associated with prototypical physical, behavioral, or
emotional symptoms; and that children may disclose, later recant, and then re-
disclose, depending on their beliefs in the level and quality of support they receive
from the non-offending parent. Kellogg notes that a critical factor in the child’s
well-being following disclosure is the child’s belief that he or she is believed and
supported.
T he second part, I ntergenerational Transmission of Child Maltreatment ,
leads off with Laura McCloskey’s chapter addressing the intergenerational (IG)
cycle of abuse. She notes that whereas a cycle of abuse is borne out by evidence, IG
transmission is complex and moderated by many risk and protective factors, that
maltreatment’s impact may vary as a function of the nature and severity of the mal-
treatment and the gender of the victim, and that specifi c linkages are elusive. She
points out that prospective designs are far superior to retrospective designs in
describing the probabilistic transmission of maltreatment from one generation to the
next, but that prospective designs are challenging in their own right in terms of
maintaining connections with participants, obtaining adequate sampling of histori-
cal moderators of maltreatment–outcome relations, and selecting the right points in
the life span to assess maltreatment’s impact.
I n the second chapter of this part, Jennie Noll notes that IG transmission esti-
mates are primarily based on the transmission of physical abuse and that very little
data is available on IG transmission of other forms of maltreatment. Further, it is
likely that mechanisms underlying IG transmission are quite distinct for different
types of maltreatment. She puts forth an important premise that whereas the search
for IG linkages that are specifi c to particular forms of maltreatment may be elusive,
parents who were maltreated as children, in whatever form(s), are more likely to fail
to protect children, either in the context of their own caregiving or the caregiving of
others, and/or they may create conditions for their children in which maltreatment
from others is enabled. Such maladaptive parenting patterns can be internalized by
the children of maltreated parents, putting them at risk for protection failures of
their own offspring and for a variety of negative developmental and psychosocial
sequelae.
J udith Cohen and Anthony Mannarino kick off Part III of this volume,
Intervening with Maltreated Children and Their Families , with a detailed over-
view of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), one of the most
well-established, evidence-based treatments for child maltreatment in the fi eld.
Cohen and Mannarino describe the principles of TF-CBT, which include whenever
possible the involvement of non-offending parents and/or caregivers in the treat-
ment, and its major components. They emphasize that parental involvement in
treatment has many advantages. It promotes better parental understanding of
the details underlying the child’s trauma and of child behavior problems that may
Preface ix
have surfaced as a result of trauma, better communication between the parent and
the child about the trauma and its effects, and greater capacity to cope with their
own distress over the trauma and to take on a more supportive role.
C arisa Wilsie and her group, led by the late Mark Chaffi n, follow with a chapter
describing Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), an evidence-based treatment
that is geared more toward preschool and school-aged children. As its name implies,
the parent who is at risk for abuse, and that parent’s relationship with the child, is
the central focus of PCIT, whose goal is to promote the use of positive parenting,
promote consistent and developmentally appropriate strategies for behavioral man-
agement, and reduce child behavior problems. As the authors note, PCIT has been
shown to improve mental health and behavior in children, and its benefi ts extend to
parents as well by reducing recidivism abuse rates among offending parents. PCIT
can be delivered to parents in the home and has been adapted for use with foster
parents and for parents involved in child welfare services.
Sheree Toth ends this part with a chapter that presents Child–Parent Psychotherapy
(CPP) intervention, an evidence-based program originally developed by Alicia
Lieberman that draws heavily from attachment theory and research on the effects of
maltreatment on attachment processes. The aim of CPP is to break the intergenera-
tional cycle of abuse by focusing on issues in the relationship in the child–parent
dyad, helping the parent (typically the mother) recognize how her own prior histo-
ries of trauma and neglect could be impacting the parent’s perceptions of her child,
her interpretation of specifi c child behaviors, and her interactions with her child.
Through weekly sessions, the aim of CPP is to promote more positive, sensitive,
and emotionally attuned parent–child interactions, a more secure child–parent
attachment, and a reduction in child internalizing and externalizing behavior prob-
lems. Of the three treatments discussed in this part, CPP perhaps most strongly
qualifi es as a prevention program. It is an appropriate segue to the next and fi nal part
of this volume.
Preventing Child Maltreatment: Current Efforts,
Future Directions
The fi nal part turns to new approaches in preventing child maltreatment—not sim-
ply preventing its recurrence (i.e., secondary prevention), but preventing it from
occurring at all (primary prevention). In the absolute, this is, of course, a practically
unreachable goal, but given what is now known about parenting competence, which
is considerable, this part addresses how can this knowledge be brought to bear to
reduce, signifi cantly, the incidence of child neglect, physical, and sexual abuse.
Guastaferro and Lutzker address this question with a broad-based, detailed dis-
cussion of scaling up the use of evidence-based programs, such as SafeCare® , a
well-known parenting program that has shown particular success for parents who
have been referred to child protective services for neglect. Scaled-up SafeCare ® is
now in widespread use, and this chapter calls attention to the challenges pertaining
x Preface
to the implementation and dissemination of evidence-based programs to the public
at large. They note that, happily, reports of child maltreatment are in decline but still
occur at unacceptably high rates. Dissemination of evidence-based programs that
are specifi cally designed to reduce the risk for maltreatment must continue by ongo-
ing solicitation of feedback from providers and clients and adapting implementation
strategies to meet continually changing needs and circumstances.
Charles Wilson and Donna Pence further develop this premise by systematically
addressing what “risk reduction” actually entails. They note that child maltreatment
prevention requires a broad array of risk reduction strategies that target both distal
and proximal infl uences. These include creating economic opportunities and pro-
viding parents with affordable child care; promoting parents’ knowledge of child
developmental milestones, in particular knowledge about what a typically develop-
ing child can reasonably be expected to do and not do at a given point in develop-
ment; knowledge about the basic components of competent parenting, particularly
in response to child provocations; promoting family supports for parenting; and
connecting parents to external resources to further support parenting efforts.
Lastly, Sharon Wasco introduces the concept of “practice-based evidence,”
which she argues must be a critical component of efforts to reduce child maltreat-
ment risk. This is information that practitioners can share with researchers in the
implementation of evidence-based programs that can be used in a variety of ways to
adapt and tailor the program more effectively to particular constituents. She argues
that the collection of PBE should be incorporated into the fabric of scaled-up
evidence-b ased programs, which should help program staff adjust program delivery
to be of better use to individual groups. PBE can be used to answer or raise ques-
tions about what program elements appear to be particularly useful, what particular
data should be examined to determine whether a program is successful or not, what
and what are not program elements that are cost-effective, etc.
I t is hoped that this volume will promote a more integrative understanding of the
role of family processes in the etiology, impact, treatment, and ultimate prevention
of child maltreatment, and as such be useful to researchers and practitioners alike.
University Park, PA, USA Douglas M. Teti
Contents
Part I Child Maltreatment and Family Processes
Families, Poly-victimization, & Resilience Portfolios:
Understanding Risk, Vulnerability & Protection Across
the Span of Childhood .................................................................................... 3
Sherry Hamby , Lindsey T. Roberts , Elizabeth Taylor , Matthew Hagler ,
and Wojciech Kaczkowski
Creating a Safe Haven Following Child Maltreatment :
The Benefits and Limits of Social Support ................................................... 23
Margaret O’Dougherty Wright and Susan F. Folger
“Why Didn’t You Tell?” Helping Families and Children Weather
the Process Following a Sexual Abuse Disclosure ........................................ 35
Nancy D. Kellogg
Part II Intergenerational Transmission of Child Maltreatment
The Intergenerational Transmission of Child Maltreatment:
Socio-ecological and Psychological Origins of Maternal Risk .................... 47
Laura Ann McCloskey
Environments Recreated: The Unique Struggles of Children
Born to Abused Mothers ................................................................................ 77
Jennie G. Noll , Jonathan M. Reader , and Heather Bensman
Part III Intervening with Maltreated Children and Their Families
Evidence Based Intervention: Trauma- Focused Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy for Children and Families ........................................... 91
Judith A. Cohen and Anthony P. Mannarino
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy in Child Welfare ................................... 107
Carisa Wilsie , Christopher Campbell , Mark Chaffi n , and Beverly Funderburk
xi