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THALLOPHYTA
ALGAE
 'kSokyksa ds v/;;u ls lEcfU/kr foKku dh 'kk[kk dks phycology ;k algology (Greek Phycos = alga ;k
sea weed) dgrs gSA
M
; sljy] FkyS kHk] Loik"s kh ,o avlaoguh; ikni gAS buea s,d dkfs'kdh; tuukax ik; stkr sg SrFkk buea sHk.zw k dk fuek.Z k ugha gkrs kA

 Whittaker ds oxhZdj.k esa 'kSokyksa dks rhu txrksa ekSusjk (uhy gfjr 'koS ky), izksfVLVk (dinoflagellates, diatoms,
euglenoids) rFkk plantae (green algae, red algae rFkk brown algae) esa j[kk x;k gOSA
 F.E. Fritsch dk Father of algology dgrs gSA
 M.O.P. Iyenger dks father of Indian algology dgrs gSA
C
 vkokl (Habitat )
'kSoky fofo/k vkoklksa e s ik;s tkr s gS &

.
1. LoPN tyh; 'kSoky (Fresh water algae) T
 ;s ufn;ksa] rkykcksa] >hyksa] >juksa vkfn esa ik;s tkrs gSA os 'kSoky tks ry ls fpids jgrs g S epipelic dgykrs gSA
 vusd 'kSoky ty fudk; ds ry ij vFkok fueXu Ilrgksa ds fdukjksa ij fpids jgrs gSA bUgsa benthos dgrs gSA
 dqN 'kSoky pVV~ kuksa vFkok iRFkjksa ls layXu Iik;s tkrs gSA bUgsa epilithic vFkok lithophytic dgrs gSA
e.g. : Batrachospermum
T
2. leqnzh 'kSoky (Marine algae)
Hkwj s'kSokykas ,oa yky 'kSokyka s ds vf/kdka'k lnL; ,oa dqN gjs 'kSokyksa rFkk uhy gfjr 'kSokyka s d slnL; leqnz esa ik;s tkrs gSA
 E
 dqN phytoplanktons rFkk benthos ds :i esa tcfd dqN vU; lithophytes ds :i esa ik;s tkrs gSA
 'kSokyksa dk nE SR;kdkj Lo:i leqnzh gh gksrk gSA mnk- Macrocystis (60 meters)
3. LFkyh; 'koS ky (Terrestrial algae)
N gjs ,oa uhy gfjr 'kSokyka s ds vusd lnL; ,oa dqN vU; 'kSoky LFky Hkkxksa ij ik;s tkrs gSA
 Oscillatoria rFkk Nostoc tSls 'kSoky {kkjh; ,oa calcareous soil esa ik;s tkrs gSa] Fritschiella vEyh; e`nk esa mxrk gSA
 Vaucheria ,oa Botrydium tSls Xanthophyceae ds lnL; ue e`nk esa vFkok Nk;knkj nhokjksa ij rFkk dHkh&dHkh
e`rkis thoh d s :i esa ik;s tkrs gSA
4. vlkekU; vkokl ds 'kSoky (Algae of unusual habitat)
a. Cryophytes :
 cQZ ij mxus oky s 'kSokyksa dks cryophytes dgrs gSA
 fofHkUu 'kSoky cryophytes ds :i esa mxdj cQZ dks fof'k"V jax nsrs gSA tSls Chlamydomonas yellowstonensis cQZ
dk sihyk&gjk jax nrs k g]S C. nivalis cQ Zdk syky jax nrs k gS] Scotiella nivalis dkyk jax rFkk Ancylonema nordenskioldii
cSaxuh&Hkwjk jax nsrk gSA
b. Thermophytes :
 ikni tks xeZ ty esa of`¼ djrs gS] thermophytes dgykrs gSA
 dqN blue-green algae xeZ ty ds >juks esa yxHkx 70ºC rki ij o`f¼ djrs gS e.g., Oscillatoria brevis.
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c. Epiphytes :
 vusd 'kSoky vU; ikniksa ij vf/kikni ds :i esa o`f¼ djr sgSA
e.g. : Oedogonium, Cladophora, Vaucheria etc.
d. Endophytes
 dqN uhy&gfjr 'kSoky vU; ikniksa esa var% ikni ds :i esa o`f¼ djrs gSA e.g., Anabaena, Azolla (fern) dh ifÙk;ksa esa]
M
Nostoc, Anthoceros (hornwort) FkSyl ds vUnj rFkk Anabaena, Nostoc ,o Oscillatoria, Cycas dh ioz kykHk
ewyksa esa ik;s tkrs gSA
e. Epizoic : O
 ;s 'kSoky vU; tUrqvksa d s 'kjhj ij o`f¼ djr s gS e.g., Cladophora crispata, snail ds dop ij o`f¼ djrk gS]
Characium ePNjksa ds ykokZ ds antennae ij o`f¼ djrk gS] Cyanoderma (yky 'kSoky) rFkk Trichophilus (gjk
C
'koS ky) sloths tUrvq ksa ds LdsYl ij o`f¼ djrs gSA
f. Endozoic :
.
 os 'kSoky tks tUrqvksa ds 'kjhj ds vUnj o`f¼ djrs gSA e.g., ChlorTella gkbMkª ds Årdksa ds vUnj o`f¼ djrk gSA dqN blue-
green algae tUrqvksa ds respiratory tract esa o`f¼ djrs gSA
 os blue-green algae tks izksVkstkvs kUl ds vUnj eIndozoic ds :i esa o`f¼ djrs gS cyanellae dgykrs gSA
I
g. Parasites :
T
 'kSoky Cephaleuros virescens pk; dh ifÙk;kas ij ijthoh ds :i esa o`f¼ djrk gSA blds vfrfjDr Rhodochytrium
,oa Phyllosiphon vkfn vU; ijthoh 'kSoky gSA
 Phyllobium sphagnicEolum, Sphagnum (moss) ijthoh ds :i esa mxrk gSA
 FkSyl laxBu (Thallus organization)
E
a. ,d dksf'kdh; 'kSoky (Unicellular alage) :
N 'kSokyksa ds vusd lnL; ,d dksf'kdh; gkrs s gSA ; spy (e.g. Chlamydomonas) vFkok vpy (e.g. diatoms) gksrs gSA
dqN 'kSokyksa ij eksVh dksf'kdk fHkfÙk ik;h tkrh gSA ftlls ;s thou bfrgkl ds dqN le; ds fy;s fuf"Ø; gks tkrs gSA bUgsa

coccoid dgrs gSA e.g., Chlorella, Chlorococcus.
b. cg q dksf'kdh; 'kSoky (Multicellular algae) :
(i) fuogh (Colonial) :
,d fuog Lora= thoksa ls fufeZr gksrk gSA

 ,d ,ls k fuog ftlesa dksf'kdkvksa dh la[;k rFkk Je foHkktu fuf'pr gksrk gS] coenobium dgykrk gSA
e.g., Volvox.
 Volvox dh dkWyksuh py tcfd Hydrodictyon dh vpy gksrh gSA
(ii)Palmelloid :
 blesa 'kSokykas dh dkf;d dksf'kdk,a mucilage ds matrix ls f?kjh gksrhs gSaA e.g., Tetraspora, Aphanotheca.
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(iii) Dendroid :
buesa 'kSokykas dh dkWyksuh ,d lw{e n'khZ; o`{k dh Hkkafr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

 buds /kqzoh; fljkas ls mucilage dk L=ko gksrk gSA e.g., Ecballocystis.
M
O
C
.
T
I
I
T
E
E
N
(iv) Rhizopodial :
 bu 'kSokyksa dh dksf'kdk;as rhizopodia }kjk la;ksftr jgrh gSA e.g., Chrysidiastrum.
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(v)raroq r 'kSoky (Filamentous algae) :
 vf/kdka'k 'koS ky filamentous gksrs gAS 'kSokyksa dk filament, uniseriate vFkok multiseriate, Iykoh (e.g. Spirogyra)
vFkok la;ksftr (e.g.Ulothrix) v'kkf[kr (e.g. Ulothrix) vFkok 'kkf[kr (e.g. Cladophora) gks ldrk gSA
 'kSOkyksa dh 'kk[kk;as monomorphic (e.g. Cladophora) vFkok dimorphic (e.g. Batrachospermum) gksrh gSA
 'kk[ku ik'ohZ; vFkok f}Hkkth 'kk[ku] lR; (e.g. Ectocarpus) vFkok vlR; (e.g. Scytonema) gks ldrk gSA
 'kSOkkyksa ds rarq monosiphonous (e.g. Batrachospermum) vFkok polysiphonous (e.g. Polysiphonia) gksrs gSA
M
 dqN rarqdh; 'kSokyksa esa Li"V prostrate system ,oa erect system ik;k tkrk gS] ,sls 'koS ky heterotrichous habit
n'kkZrs gSA e.g., Stigeoclonium.
(vi) Siphonous : O
 ,d iVfoghu] cgqdsUndz h; (coenocytic) rarqvoLFkk siphonous habit dgykrh gSA e.g., Vaucheria.
(vii) Parenchymatous : C
 FkSyl dh e`nwrdh; laxBu dh voLFkk Hkwjs 'kOSkkyksa ds vusd lnL;ksa esa ik;h tkrh gSA (e.g. Sargassum, Laminaria)
 dqN red algae (e.g. Gracillaria, Porphyra) rFkk dqN green algae (e.g. Chara, Ulva) Hkh e`nwrdh; laxBu
.
n'kkrZ s gSA T
 dksf'kdh; laxBu (Cellular organization)
I
 'kSokyksa ds vf/kdka'k lewg (blue-green rFkk dinoflagellates dks NksM+dj) eukaryotic dksf'kdh; lajpuk n'kkZrs gSA
budh dksf'kdk fHkfRr cellulose ls cuh gIksrh gSA
 dqN red algae (e.g. Corallina) dTh dksf'kdkvksa esa CaCO ik;k tkrk gSA
3
dksf'kdkvksa esa lqlaxfBr dsUnzd ik;k tkkr gSA

 'kSokyksa esa x.q klw=ksa dh U;Ewure la[;k n = 2(e.g. Porphyra linearis) rFkk vf/kdre la[;k n = 592 (e.g. Netrium
digitalis) ik;h tkrh gSA
 dksf'kdkvksa esa Li"V mitochondria, plastids, E.R., ribosomes rFkk golgi body ik;h tkrh gSA
E
 Rhodophyceae ds xzsue esa ,d thylakoid, Cryptophyceae esa nks, Phaeophyceae ,oa Bacillariophyceae esa
rhu tcfd vU; esa vusd thylakoids ik;s tkrs gSA
N
 py lajpukvksa esa flagella ik; stkrs gSA ;s 9 + 2 lajpuk n'kkZrs gSA
 Flagella nks izdkj ds gksrs gS acronematic (whiplash type) rFkk pleuronematic (tinsel type).
 tuu (Reproduction)
'kSokyksa esa dkf;d] vyaSfxd rFkk ySafxd tuu ik;k tkrk gSA

(1)dkf;d tuu (Vegetative reproduction)
;g fuEu izdkj ls gksrk gSA

(a)fo[k.Mu }kjk (By fragmentation) :
tc dksbZ 'kSoky rarq fdlh dkj.k ls VqdM+ksa esa VVw tkrk g S rks bldk izR;sd Vdq M+k ,d Lora= tho dh Hkkafr dk;Z djrk gSA

e.g., Ulothrix, Spirogyra etc.
(b)f}foHkktu }kjk (By binary fission) :
 ,d dkfs'kdh; 'koS ky tlS sdiatoms, desmids vkfn f}foHkktu }kjk xfq.kr gkrs sgAS tk sfd ,d lkekU; dkfs'kdk foHkktu gkrs k gAS
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(c) eqdwyu }kjk (By budding) :
 ekr` dksf'kdk ij eqdwyu ,d papilla ds :i esa fodflr gksrk gSA ;g o`f¼ djrk gS rFkk varr% ekr` dksf'kdk ls i`Fkd
gksdj u;k tho fufeZr djrk gSA e.g., Protosiphon.
(2)vyaSfxd tuu (Asexual reproduction)
 ;g fofHkUu izdkj ds chtk.kqvksa ds fuekZ.k }kjk gksrk gSA chtk.kqvksa dk fuekZ.k chtk.kq/kkfu;ksa esa gksrk gSA Zoospores ds
M
vfrfjDr vU; lHkh chtk.k qvpy gksrs gSA
(a)py chtk.kvq ksa }kjk (By zoospores) :
;s iryh fHkfRr ;qDr py chtk.kq gSA

O
 bu ij vxz 'kh"k Z voLFkk esa nks flagella ik;s tkrs gS rFkk nksuksa flagella leku gksrs gSA e.g. Cladophora.
 Vaucheria rFkk Ectocarpus ds py chtk.kq ik'oZ d'kkfHkdh; rFkk f}d'kkfHkdh; gksrs gSa rFkk budh nksukas d'kkfHkdk;sa
vleku gksrh gSA C
 Oedogonium rFkk Vaucheria d s zoospores cgq d'kkfHkdh; gkrs s gSA
 Vaucheria ds zoospores ij flagella laiw.kZ lrg ij ;qXeksa eas mifLFkr gksrs gSa] bUgsa synzoospore dgrs gSA
.
T
(b)Aplanospores }kjk :
 ;s iryh fHkfRr ;qDr vpy chtk.kq gksrs gSA ;s lkekU;r% Chlamydomonas, Ulothrix vkfn esa ik;s tkrss gSA
I
(c) Autospores }kjk :
I
 ;s Hkh iryh fHkfRr ;qDr vpy chtk.kq gS tks fd viuh tud dksf'kdk ds leku gksrs gSA e.g., Chlorella.
T
(d)Hypnospores }kjk :
;s eksVh fHkfRr ;qDr vpy chtk.kq gS tks fd izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ka s esa fufeZr gksrs gSA lkekU;r% ,d dkfs'kdk esa ,d gh
 E
hypnospore fufeZr gksrk gSA
 vuqdyw ifjfLFkfr vkus ij ;s vadqfjr gksdj u;k ikni cukrs gSA e.g., Chlamydomonas, Ulothrix.
E
 lkekU;r% ,d dksf'kdk esa ,d gh hypnospore curk gSA
Chlamydomonas nevalis ds hypnospore eas hematochrome gksrk gSA tks cQZ dks yky jax nsrk gSA
N
(e)Carpospores }kjk :
 yky 'kSokyksa esa gonimoblast rarq ds 'kh"k Z ij carposporangia fuferZ gksrh g S ftlesa ,dy] vxqf.kr vFkok f}xqf.kr
carpospore fuferZ gksrk gSA e.g., Batrachospermum, Polysiphonia.
(f) Tetraspores }kjk :
 lelw=h foHkktu }kjk Hkjw s 'kSokyksa (e.g., Dictyota) esa ,oa v¼Zl=w h foHkktu }kjk yky 'kSokyksa (e.g., Polysiphonia)
eas ,d Tetrasporangium esa pkj vpy chtk.kq fufeZr gksrs gSA
(g)Monospore }kjk:
 Batrachospermum (,d yky 'kSoky) dh vkjafHkd voLFkk monosporangium esa fufeZr ,dy monospore }kjk
xqf.kr gksrh gSA
(h)Palmella stage }kjk :
 'kq"d ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vusd zoospores vFkok aplanospores, mucilage ds vkoj.k ls f?kj tkrs gSA
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 foHkktu yxkrkj gksrk jgrk gS] rFkk os ,d fuogd dk :i ys yrs s gSA bl voLFkk dks palmella stage dgrs gSA
 vuqdyw ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa izR;sd chtk.kq ,d u;k ikni fufeZr djrk gSA e.g., Chlamydomonas
(i) fu'ps"V chtk.kq }kjk (By akinetes) :
izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dksf'kdk fHkfRr ij vfrfjDr HkksT; inkFkksZ ds teko ds dkj.k og vR;f/kd eksVh gks tkrh g S rFkk

dksf'kdk fuf"Ø; gksdj akinete ds :i esa fodflr gks tkrh gSA
M
 Akinetes J`a[kyk ds :i esa Hkh fodflr gks ldrs gSA
vuqdyw ifjfLFkfr;ka vku s ij eksVh fHkfRr xy tkrh gS] rFkk os u;s ikni d s :i esa vadqfjr gksrh gSA

e.g., Cladophora, Ulothrix, Nostoc etc.
O
(3)ySafxd tuu (Sexual reproduction)
 'kSokyksa esa ySafxd tuu rhu izdkj dk gksrk gS :
C
(i) Isogamy :
ySafxd tuu ftlesa vkdkfjdh; ,oa dkf;Zdh; :i ls leku ;qXed la;ksftr gksrs gSA
 .
 ,sls ;qXedksa dks isogametes dgrs gSA e.g., ChlamydomonTas eugametos.
 Diatoms eas isogamous reproduction dk lk/kkj.khdj.k ik;k tkrk gSA
I
(ii)Anisogamy :
I
 tc vkdkfjdh; :i ls vleku ;qXed la;ksftr gksrs gS rks ,sls yafSxd tuu dks morphological Anisogamy dgrs
T
gSA e.g., Chlamydomonas braunii, Ectocarpus secundus.
;gka NksVs ;qXed dks uj tcfd cMs + ;qXed dks eknk dgk tk ldrk gSA

tc nks ;qXed vkdkfjdE h; :i ls leku gksrs gS ysfdu dkf;Zdh; :i ls fHkUu gksrs gS rks ,sls ySafxd tuu dks

physiological anisogamy dgrs gSA e.g., Spirogyra, Ectocarpus siliculosus.
E
(iii) Oogamy :
bl idz kj ds yaSfxd tuu es ,d dksf'kdh; ySafxd vax fufeZr gksrs gSA

N
 uj tuu vax dks antheridium tcfd eknk dks oogonium dgrs gSA
 Antheridium uj ;qXed fufeZr djrk gS ftUgsa antherozoids dgrs gS tks lkekU;r;k flagellated gksrs gSA
 Oogonium vpy eknk ;qXed fufeZr djrk gS ftls egg dgrs gSA
 Oogamy esa antherozoids dk egg ls la;kstu gksrk gSA Chlamydomonas coccifera esa ljyre izdkj dh
oogamy ns[kh tkrh gSA
dqN p;fur oxkZ s ds eq[; y{k.k
 Chlorophyceae or Green algae :
;s ikni LoPN tyh; vFkok leqnzh gksrs gS rFkk ,d dksf'kdh; ls ysdj e`nqrdh; lajpukvksa rd fofHkUu FkSyl laxBu

n'kkrZ s gSA
 budk eq[; izdk'k la'ys"kh o.kZd chlorophyll a, b; -carotenes, lycopene; lutein, violaxanthin vkfn gSA
 budk lafpr HkksT; inkFkZ starch gksrk gSA
 buesa Zoospore fuferZ gksrs gS rFkk buds male gametes flagellated gksrs gSA
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 buds Flagella leku gksrs gSA
 ySafxd tuu - Isogamous, anisogamous vFkok oogamous izdkj dk gksrk gSA
e.g., Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra.
 Xanthophyceae or Yellow green algae :
 ;s ikni lkekU;r% LoPN tyh; gksr sgS rFkk ikni 'kjhj ,d dksf'kdh; ls ysdj siphonous lajpuk;sa n'kkrZ k gSA
 eq[; izdk'k la'ys"kh ds o.kZd chlorophyll a, e; -carotene, violaxanthin, neoxanthin vkfn gSA M
 lafpr HkksT; inkFkZ chrysolaminarin rFkk oils gSA
 Zoospore fuferZ gksrs gS rFkk buesa male gametes flagellated gksrs gSA
O
 buds Flagella vleku (unequal) gksrs gSA
 ySafxd tuu - Isogamous, anisogamous vFkok oogamous izdkj dk gksrk gSA e.g., Vaucheria.
C
 Phaeophyceae or Brown algae :
ikni leqnzh gkrs s gS rFkk ikni 'kjhj ,d dksf'kdh; ls ysdj e`nqrdh; lajpuk;sa n'kkZrs gSA

.
 eq[; izdk'k la'ys"kh o.kZd chlorophyll a, c; -carotene, fuTcoxanthin (brown colour), lutein, violaxanthin,
diatoxanthin gSA
 buds Reserve food laminarin, mannitol rFkk oils gSA
I
 Zoospore fufeZr gksrs gS rFkk male gametes flagellated gksrs gSA
I
 buds Flagella vleku(unequal) gksrs gSA
T
 ySafxd tuu & Isogamous, anisogamous vFkok oogamous izdkj dk gksrk gSA e.g., Fucus, Dictyota.
 Rhodophyceae or Red algae :
E
ikni lkekU;r% leqnzh gkrs s gS rFkk ikni 'kjhj rarqdh; ls e`nqrdh; lajpuk;sa n'kkZrk gSA

 eq[; izdk'k la'ys"kh o.kZd chlorophyll a, d; , -carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, fucoxanthin, myxoxanthin,
E
-phycoerythrin (red colour), g-phycocyanin (blue pigment) rFkk allophycocyanin ijUrq chlorophyll c
vuqifLFkr gksrk gS;
N
 buds lafpr [kk| inkFkZ floridean starch, galactan –SO polymers gSA
4
 buesa Zoospores fuferZ ugha gkrs s gS ,oa buds uj ;Xq ed non-flagellated gksr sgSA bueas ySafxd tuu fof'k"V oogamy
izdkj dk gksrk gSAe.g., Polysiphonia, Prophyra.
 Myxophyceae or Cyanophyceae :
ikni lkekU;r% LoPN tyh; rFkk dqN leqnzh gAS ;s ,d dksf'kdh; ls rarqdh; :i n'kkZrs gSA

 budh dksf'kdk prokaryotic laxBu n'kkZrh gSA
 eq[; izdk'k la'ys"kh o.kZd chlorophyll a, -carotene; lutein, myxoxanthin, oscillaxanthin, c-phycocya-
nin, c-phycoerythrin, allophycocyanin vkfn gSA
 budk Reserve food cyanophycean starch (glycogen) rFkk cyanophycin (protein) gksrk gSA
 buesa Zoospore fufeZr ugha gksrs gS rFkk budsa flagellated lajpuksa Hkh fufeZr ugha gksrhA
 buesa ySafxd tuu vuqifLFkr gksrk gSA e.g., Nostoc, Anabaena.
PLANT DIVERSITY-II (Algae, Fungi, Mycorrhiza & Lichens) 7
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'kSokykas dk vkfFkZd egRo (Economic importance of algae)
mi;ksxh egRo (Useful aspect)
(1) ukbVªkstu fLFkjhdj.k (Nitrogen fixation) :
uhy gfjr 'kSokyksa dh yxHkx ipkl tkfr;ka ukbVªkstu fLFkjhdj.k djrh gSA

e.g., Anabaena, Aulosira, Cylindrospermum, Nostoc and Tolypothrix etc.
 ok;oh; voLFkkvksa esa ukbVªkstu fLFkjhdj.k dsoy heterocysts }kjk gksrk gSA M
 vok;oh; voLFkkvksa esa dkf;d dkfs'kdk;sa Hkh nitrogenase activities n'kkrZ h gSA
(2) Hkkstu ds :i esa (Algae as food) :
O
 vuds green algae (Chlorella, Ulva, Caulerpa, Enteromorpha etc.) dks Hkkstu ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 Chlorella esa yxHkx 50% protein rFkk 20% lipid ,oa carbohydrates ik;s tkrs gSA
 Chlorella esa ekuo iks"k.k ds fy, vko';d lHkh vehuks vEy ik;s tkrs gaSA C
 Scotland eas ulva lactuca dks lykn ,oa lwi fuek.Z k ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA
(3) varfj{k 'kks/k esa 'koS ky (Algae in space research) : .
 gky gh ds o"kksZ esa oKS kfudksa us ;g ik;k gS fd ,d dksf'kdh; gjs 'T kSokyksa dks (e.g., Chlorella) varfj{k ;k=k ds nkSjku O
2
ds lzksr ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
I
(4) izfrtSfod (Antibiotics) :
 Chlorella ls ,d chlorellin uked antiIbiotic izkIr dh tkrh gSA ftls fo'ks"k :i ls Escherichia coli, Shigella
dysenteriae rFkk staphylococcusT aureus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 Caulerpa ls Hkh antibiotics izkIr dh tkrh gSA
(5) Alginates : E
 Alginic acid carbohydrate dk ,d cgqyd gSA
 ;s dkfs'kdk fEHkfRr ,oa middle lamella esa ik;k tkrk gSA
 ;s Laminaria, Ascophyllum, Fucus, Nereocystis, Turbinaria etc ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
 budk iz;ksx emulsifiers rFkk stabilizers ds :i eas pharmaceuticals esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] blh izdkj xksfy;ka rFkk
N
dSIlyw fuekZ.k esa Hkh bldk iz;kxs fd;k tkrk gSA
 budk iz;ksx soups, jellies, cosmetics, toothpastes, polishes, hair dyes, compact powders, lotions,
shampoos vkfn ds fuekZ.k esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
(6) Carrageenin :
 ;g ,d polysaccharide colloid (phycocolloid) gSA ftls yky 'kSokyksa tSls Chondrus crispus ,oa Gigartina
stellata vkfn ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
 bldk mi;ksx soups, sauces, milk shakes, cheese, jellies, cream rFkk fruit juices vkfn ds fuekZ.k eas
cgqrk;kr ls fd;k tkrk gSAbldk mi;ksx painting rFkk printing esa Hkh djrs gSA
(7) Agar-agar :
 ;g ,d non-nitrogenous carbohydrate g Stk sfd agarose rFkk agaropectin uked nk sikfsyldS js kbM l sfufeZr gkrs k gS
 ;g vuds yky 'kSokyksa e.g., Gracilaria, Gelidium, Gigartina rFkk Chondrus bR;kfn ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
;g ;g B.Ms ikuh esa vfoys; gS tcfd xeZ ikuh esa foys; gksrk gSA

;g fofo/k izdkj ds loa/kZu ek/;ekas esa vk/kkj ds :i esa iz;kxs fd;k tkrk gSA

PLANT DIVERSITY-II (Algae, Fungi, Mycorrhiza & Lichens) 8
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(8) [kfut rRoksa ds lzkrs ds :i esa 'kSoky :
 Hkwjs 'kSokyksa ds lnL; 'kelps' dgykrs gSA ;s vk;kMs hu ds lkzsr gksrs gSA
e.g., Laminaria, Macrocystis, Fucus.
 dqy vk;ksMhu mRiknu dk yxHkx 25% kelps ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
 blh izdkj yky 'kSoky tSls Rhodomela, Polysiphonia rFkk Rhodymenia bromine ds lzksr gSA
(9) okfgr ey fuLrkj.k (Sewage disposal) : M
 Sewage disposal ponds esa vusd ,d dksf'kdh; green algae iz;kxs fd;s tkrs gSA
e.g Chlorella, Chlamydomonas etc.
 ;s idz k'k la'ys"k.k dh fØ;k }kjk okfgr ey dh CO dks gVk nsrs gSa rFkk bleas O dk lekos'Oku djrs gSA
2 2
(10) vk"S kf/k;ka (Medicines) :
 Sodium lamining sulphate dks blood anticoagulant ds :i eas iz;ksx fd;Ck tkr gSA ;g Laminaria ls izkIr fd;k
tkrk gSA Durivillea eas antiworm (vermifuge) xq.k ik;s tkr sgSaA
(11) izksVhu ds lzksr (Source of protein) : .
T
 Chlorella rFkk Spirullina ikzVs hu ds izpqj lkzsr gSA
 Chlorella dh ikzsVhu vukt dh izksVhu ls vf/kd mi;qDr gksrh g]S D;kasfd blesa lHkh vko';d vehuks vEy ik;s tkrs gSA
I
bldh iks"k.k n{krk lks;kchu rFkk spinach ds leku gksrh gSA
I
gkfudkjd egRo
(Harmful aspects)
T
(1) 'koS kyh; fo"krk (Algal toxicity) :
 dqN dinoflagellates tSls Prymnesium, Gymnodinium vkfn eNfy;ksa ds fy, vR;f/kd fo"kSys gksr sgSaA
E
 Blue-green alga Microcystis, hydroxylamine dk L=ko djrh g S tks u dsoy tyh; thoksa dks ekjrk gS cfYd mu
if{k;ksa ,oa eosf'k;ksa dk Hkh ekj nsrk gS tks blds ty dks ihrs gSA
E
 Lyngbya ,oa Chlorella ekuo skin allergy dj nrs s gSA
(2) 'koS kyh; ijthfork (Algal parasitism) :
N
 yky 'kSokky Cephaleuros virescens pk; dk fdV~V jksx (red rust of tea) djrk gSA
 Cephaleuros dh dNq tkfr;ksa }kjk dkQW h ikni] dkyh fepZ ,oa Citrus ikniksa ij Hkh leku idz kj dk jksx mRiUu fd;k
tkrk gSA
(3) is; ty dk lanw"k.k (Spoilage of drinking water) :
 Anabaena, Microcystis tSls 'kSoky uk flQZ is; ty dk Lokn [kjkc djrs gS cfYd bls tgjhyk Hkh cuk nsrs gSA
 'kSokyksa dh o`f¼ dh jkds Fkke ds fy, algicides dk i;z ksx fd;k tkrk gS tSls dichlorophen, sodium perborate,
phygon XI, exalgae, delrad vkfnA
(4) ty izLQVq u (Water blooms) :
 ,sls ty fudk; ftuesa vfrfjDr ek=k esa iks"kd inkFk Z mifLFkr jgrs gS muesa BGA rsth ls o`f¼ djrs gSA
 'kSoky dh vfro`f¼ ls fufeZr ijr ty ds Åij rSjrh g SrFkk >kx ds :i ea s fodflr gksrh gS bls water bloom dgrs gSA
 Water bloom ds dkj.k ty fudk; iznwf"kr gks tkrk gSA
PLANT DIVERSITY-II (Algae, Fungi, Mycorrhiza & Lichens) 9
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ULOTHRIX
 oxhZdj.k
Class – Chlorophyceae
Order – Ulothrichales
M
Sub-order – Ulotrichineae
Family – Ulotrichaceae
Genus – Ulothrix O
 vkokl (Habitat)
 ;g lkekU;r% B.Ms] /khe s cgrs LoPN ty esa ik;k tkrk gSA C
izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa ;g vk/kkj ls fpidk jgrk gSA tcfd ifjiDo voLFkk esa ;g eqDr gks tkrk gSA

 bldh dNq tkfr;ka tlS sUlothirx implexa Lithophyte gkrs h g Stcfd. vU; tlS sU.flacca lenq hz (salt marshes)gkrs h gAS
 U. zonata o U. aqualis lokZf/kd lkekU; LoPN tyh; tkfrT;ka gSA
 FkSyl lajpuk (Thallus structure)
I
 Ulothrix dk ikni 'kjhj cgqdksf'kdh; rFkk rarquqek gksrk gSA
I
 blds rarq yEcs] v'kkf[kr rFkk uniseriate gksr sgSA .
T
rarq pedhys] gjs rFkk csyukdkj gksrs gSA

izR;ds rarq eas rhu izdkj dh dkfs'kdk;sa Li"V gksrh gSA

(Ulothrix /kqzork n'kkZrk Eg)S
(i) 'kh"kZLFk dksf'kdk (Apical cell)
E
dksf'kdk tks rarq ds 'kh"kZ ij fLFkr gksrh gSA ;g gjh] csyukdkj vFkok
xqEcnkdkj gksrh gSA
N
(ii)vk/kkjh dksf'kdk (Basal/rhizoidal cell)
dksf'kdk tks rarq ds lcls fupys Hkkx ij gksrh gSA ;g yEch] ladjh]
jaxghu gksrh g SrFkk bldk vk/kkjh Hkkx rLrjhuqek lajpuk esa :ikrafjr
gks tkrk gSA ;g ljy] 'kkf[kr vFkok ewykHkkl leku gks ldrh gS D;ksafd
;g rarq dks vk/kkj ij fpidk;sa j[krh gSA
bls holdfast, hapteron vFkok Rhizoidal cell Hkh dgrs gSA
(;gh rarq esa /kqzork dk dkj.k gSA)
(iii) varoZ s'kh dksf'kdk,s (Intercalary cells)
;s dksf'kdk,sa apical cell rFkk rhizoidal cell ds e/; fLFkr gkrs h gSA
;s gjh] csyukdkj rFkk pkMS +kbZ esa yEckbZ ls vf/kd gksrh gSA

vusd tkfr;ksa esa ;s yxHkx prqHkqZtkdkj rFkk leku yEckbZ o pkSM+kbZ dh gksrh gSA

PLANT DIVERSITY-II (Algae, Fungi, Mycorrhiza & Lichens) 10
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