Paediatrics: A Core Text on Child Health PDF
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000WATERSTON_prelims_5L 22/9/05 2:42 PM Page i Paediatrics A core text on child health Second Edition Edited by Tony Waterston Consultant Paediatrician Newcastle General Hospital Newcastle upon Tyne Peter J Helms Professor of Child Health University of Aberdeen Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital and Martin Ward Platt Consultant Paediatrician Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Forewords by Sir David Hall Professor of Community Paediatrics University of Sheffield and Jane Naish Policy Adviser Royal College of Nursing Radcliffe Publishing Oxford • Seattle CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Tony Waterston, Peter J Helms and Martin Ward Platt CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20160525 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-03131-9 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com 001WATERSTON_contents_3L 22/9/05 2:40 PM Page iii Contents Forewords v Preface to the second edition vii About the editors viii List of contributors ix 1 Clinical skills 1 2 Causes of child death and ill health 23 3 Infectious disease and immunology 37 4 Gastrointestinal disorders and nutrition 49 5 Respiratory disorders 67 6 Ear, nose and throat problems 83 7 Eye disorders 95 8 Neurological disorders 105 9 Orthopaedic disorders 119 10 Disability 135 11 Genetics 153 12 Emotional and behavioural problems 165 13 Accidents and poisoning 189 14 Child abuse and neglect 205 15 Growth and the endocrine system 221 16 Haematology and oncology 235 17 The newborn 261 18 General surgical conditions 281 19 Skin disorders 289 001WATERSTON_contents_3L 22/9/05 2:40 PM Page iv iv Contents 20 Renal disease 305 21 Heart disease 319 22 Prevention of illness and promotion of good health 331 23 Looking forward to adult life 345 Answers to the self-assessment questions 353 Index 358 002WATERSTON_forewdHall_4L 22/9/05 2:43 PM Page v Foreword An invitation to write a second edition is always pre-occupy us, our discipline has turned its atten- welcomed by authors – even if it does need tion to other problems – psychosomatic disease nearly as much work as the first – because it resulting from stress, family break-up or bullying, suggests that the book has met the needs of those abuse and neglect in an almost infinite variety of who bought it. Writing a foreword needs much forms, and mental health problems. Taken to- less work, but the task has prompted me to look gether, in the developed world these will in the back over the years and reflect how much future probably account for more wasted and paediatrics has changed in the 35 years since I blighted lives than all childhood physical illness first invested in a (second-hand) textbook of put together. These socially induced ‘diseases’ paediatrics. For instance, thanks to preventive have always been with us, both here in the UK medicine, in this book measles now merits just and around the world, but it is only as children’s two paragraphs, the devastating complications of physical health improves, and the economy sup- intrauterine rubella infection get one line and ports more health professionals, that they are rhesus disease (which kept my generation out of beginning to receive the attention they deserve. bed on many a night) is now stated to ‘have If this is your first paediatric textbook, you will almost disappeared’. These are wonderful achieve- find that it offers an admirable balance between ments and it is a privilege to have lived through these many different perspectives of the problems an era of such dramatic progress. Yet the need for and the healthcare needs of children and young enthusiastic dedicated paediatricians is greater people. It shows how each illness has physical, than ever. As old diseases disappear, new chal- psychological and social dimensions – good lenges come on the scene. The neonatologists paediatrics requires that all three be addressed have made great strides, through the application and none be neglected. To provide the best of basic sciences and randomised trials – who possible care for children there must be no would ever have thought that babies of less than artificial boundaries between care in hospital and 26 weeks’ gestation could survive at all, let alone care at home or at school and no territorial dis- survive intact to lead useful lives? Cardiac sur- putes between disciplines. If you are already gery, oncology, genetics – every specialty has experienced in paediatrics, this book will give an seen astonishing progress. There have been ad- excellent refresher course on topics in which you vances in less glamorous areas as well, like pain may have become just a little out of date (it does control and the support of families with disabled happen occasionally), and will be a valuable aide children. to planning a balanced curriculum for students. And yet… there is also a little sadness in read- ing through the chapter headings in this book. Sir David Hall Complex long-term illness and disability are Professor of Community Paediatrics actually more prevalent as we become more University of Sheffield expert at sustaining life. With little malnutrition September 2005 and fewer life-threatening infectious illnesses to 003WATERSTON_forewd_Naish_4L 22/9/05 2:44 PM Page vi Foreword It is a pleasure to join Professor David Hall in inter-professional teamwork but also the inclu- writing a foreword to the second edition of this sion of the patient and their carers within the book. As David highlights, the scope and focus healthcare team as partners and co-decision for paediatrics has changed dramatically within a makers. Teamwork will become increasingly relatively short period of time. New problems pivotal to achieving successful future outcomes and issues within paediatrics have emerged, not in paediatrics, since we are likely to see changes least in the field of public health within which and different configurations within the health there is (still) an unacceptable health inequalities service in the future with a plethora of healthcare gap between the health of poorer children and providers. Yet it is well documented that what young people and their better off peers. There is children and families want and need is seamless a pressing need to develop health professionals care that is tailored to their needs rather than with the knowledge and expertise to tackle the those of professional groups or healthcare insti- many issues within children’s public health, at tutions. both a strategic and policy level as well as in This book provides a useful basis from which to practice and at a practical level. This is a complex view new perspectives in paediatrics (such as enterprise but one of the key challenges facing public health), coupled with its more traditional paediatrics for the future. underpinnings including holistic care for the Changes have also taken place in the boun- child and family, and teamwork to provide that daries between the different professions within care. It will be a valuable learning tool and refer- the field of paediatrics, a trend that is set to con- ence point for the many professionals engaged tinue for the future. The question of which pro- in paediatric work, including nurses, midwives, fessional group does what has become less health visitors, doctors, physiotherapists and social important than questions of which individual has workers. the right competencies and who is best placed to lead or deliver care for particular children and Jane Naish their families. Teamwork has always featured in Policy Adviser the field of paediatrics and child health which Royal College of Nursing has been a leader in the development of not only September 2005 004WATERSTON_Pref_2L 23/9/05 3:10 PM Page vii Preface to the second edition The second edition has further developed the problems has been extended. However, we have problem-based style which has proved popular retained the original concept of the core curri- with readers and which reflects actual clinical culum with its focus on common and important practice. We have made three main changes in conditions, rather than a catalogue of conditions the new edition. First, we have emphasised clini- more appropriate to postgraduate reference texts. cal skills, and this is reflected in the new opening Despite reducing the size of the book we have chapter. Secondly, we have changed the format of retained the integration of child health and child the case studies so that each one is self-contained disease, and our new publishers have maintained and can easily be read on its own, while acting as the high quality of illustrations and summary an aide-mémoire to the student on common features throughout the text. clinical presentations. Thirdly, we have added self-assessment questions at the end of each sec- Tony Waterston tion for students to use as a means of revision. Peter J Helms All of the chapters have been updated and Martin Ward Platt the coverage of common and important clinical September 2005 005WATERSTON_About_6L 22/9/05 3:03 PM Page viii About the editors Tony Waterston works as a general paediatrician specialising in community child health in inner city Newcastle. He has a special interest in poverty and child health, children’s rights and international child health. Peter J Helms is Professor of Child Health at the University of Aberdeen and Consultant Paediatrician in the Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital. He has a special interest in respiratory health and disease. MartinWardPlatt has been a consultant paediatrician in Newcastle upon Tyne since 1990, specialis- ing in neonatal medicine but delivering clinical care to children of all ages; he is also Honorary Senior Lecturer in Child Health at Newcastle University. He has been involved in organising and delivering teaching of paediatrics and child health at all stages of the undergraduate medical curriculum. 006WATERSTON_Cont_4L 22/9/05 3:06 PM Page ix List of contributors Ian Auchterlonie Derek King Consultant Paediatrician Consultant Haematologist/Oncologist Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital Aberdeen Royal Infirmary Michael Bisset Camille Lazaro Consultant Paediatrician Senior Lecturer in Forensic Paediatrics Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital University of Newcastle upon Tyne Philip Booth David Meikle Consultant Neonatologist Consultant ENT Surgeon Aberdeen Maternity Hospital Freeman Hospital Newcastle upon Tyne William Church Consultant Ophthalmologist Jean Robson Aberdeen Royal Infirmary Retired Associate Specialist in Orthopaedics Gaynor Cole Freeman Hospital Consultant Paediatric Neurologist Newcastle upon Tyne Robert Jones &Agnes Hunt Hospital Oswestry Chris Scott Consultant Ophthalmologist John Dean Aberdeen Royal Infirmary Consultant Clinical Geneticist Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital Peter Smail Retired Consultant Paediatrician James Ferguson Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital Consultant in Accident and Emergency Aberdeen Royal Infirmary Marion White Consultant Dermatologist Leonora Harding Aberdeen Royal Infirmary Head of Clinical Psychology Services Stratheden Hospital George Youngson Cupar Professor of Paediatric Surgery University of Aberdeen David Kindley Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital Consultant Paediatrician Director, Raeden Centre Aberdeen
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