Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Fundamentals, Materials, and Applications

519 Pages·2022·26.668 MB·English

by  Sengupta K., Chatterjee S., Dutta K. (ed.)

Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Fundamentals, Materials, and
Applications
Edited by
Kushal Sengupta
Alexander vonHumboldt (AvH) fellow at
Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion,
Mu€lheim an derRuhr,Germany
Sudipta Chatterjee
AssistantProfessor, Department ofChemistry,
Birla Instituteof Technologyand Science (BITS) – Pilani,
KK Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
Kingshuk Dutta
Scientist,Advanced Polymer Design andDevelopmentResearch
Laboratory (APDDRL), School for Advanced Research inPetrochemicals(SARP),
Central Institute ofPetrochemicalsEngineering and Technology (CIPET), India
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Contents
Contributors........................................................................................................................................xiii
Aboutthe editors...............................................................................................................................xvii
Preface................................................................................................................................................xix
Foreword.............................................................................................................................................xxi
Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................xxiii
CHAPTER 1 Oxygen reduction reaction in nature and its importance
in life........................................................................................1
Afsar Ali, Shikha Khandelwal, Subir Panja,Piyali Majumder,and
Arnab Dutta
1.1 Introduction tooxygen reduction reaction: Backgroundand significance.............1
1.2 Oxygenactivation andoxygen reductionreaction..................................................6
1.3 Oxygenreductioncatalyzed bymetalloenzymes: Aclose look into the
structure-function relationship..................................................................................9
1.3.1 Cytochromeoxidase.....................................................................................9
1.3.2 Multicopperoxidase...................................................................................12
1.4 Natural andartificial metalloprotein models as ORR catalysts............................14
1.5 Oxygenreductionreaction bybio-inspired synthetic catalysts.............................19
1.5.1 Homogenous molecular electrocatalysts....................................................19
1.5.2 Heterogenous molecular electrocatalysts...................................................25
1.6 The future of oxygen activation: Summary and outlook.......................................31
References...............................................................................................................32
CHAPTER 2 Oxygen reduction reaction by metalloporphyrins........................45
Kaustuv Mittra, SubhraSamanta, AsmitaSingha, KushalSengupta,
and Sudipta Chatterjee
2.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................45
2.2 The porphyrin cofactor...........................................................................................48
2.3 Common methods used in the study ofO reduction reaction.............................49
2
2.3.1 ORR in solution.........................................................................................49
2.3.2 ORR on electrodes.....................................................................................50
2.4 Differentmetalloporphyrins asORR catalysts......................................................54
2.4.1 Iron porphyrins...........................................................................................54
2.4.2 Cobaltporphyrins.......................................................................................62
2.4.3 Other metalloporphyrins............................................................................66
v
vi Contents
2.5 Porphyrin-based frameworks for ORR..................................................................68
2.6 Metal-free porphyrins.............................................................................................69
2.7 Future direction ofoxygen reduction by porphyrins.............................................70
References...............................................................................................................71
CHAPTER 3 Oxygen reduction reaction by metallocorroles and
metallophthalocyanines............................................................79
Susovan Bhowmik,Arvind Chaudhary, Moumita Patra, and
Ranjan Patra
3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................79
3.2 Differentroutes ofORR.........................................................................................80
3.3 Advantages ofphthalocyanineand corrolesfor ORR...........................................80
3.4 Metallocorroles as ORR catalysts..........................................................................81
3.4.1 Dyads..........................................................................................................82
3.4.2 Monomeric cobalt(III) corroles..................................................................89
3.4.3 Hangman corrole........................................................................................93
3.4.4 Monomeric cobaltcorrole attached tocarbon nanotubes.........................94
3.4.5 Other metallocorroles for ORR study........................................................95
3.5 Metal complexes of phthalocyanine asORR catalyst...........................................98
3.5.1 Iron phthalocyanine(FePc) complex for ORR..........................................99
3.5.2 Cobaltphthalocyanine(CoPc) complexfor oxygen reduction
reaction.....................................................................................................112
3.5.3 Other metallophthalocyanine(MPc)complexes for oxygen
reductionreaction.....................................................................................115
3.6 Summaryand future prospect..............................................................................117
Acknowledgments................................................................................................118
References.............................................................................................................118
CHAPTER 4 Oxygen reduction reaction by metal complexes containing
non-macrocyclic ligands.........................................................125
AvijitDas,MoumitaBera,LaxmikantaMallick,BiswarupChakraborty,
and Sayantan Paria
4.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................125
4.2 Reactivity..............................................................................................................128
4.2.1 Homogenous studies................................................................................128
4.2.2 Electrocatalyticstudies............................................................................144
4.2.3 Oxygenreduction bypolyoxometalates..................................................159
4.3 Summaryand outlook..........................................................................................167
References.............................................................................................................169
Contents vii
CHAPTER 5 Oxygen reduction reaction by noble metal-based
catalysts.................................................................................173
Biswajit Mondal and Pritha Sen
5.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................173
5.2 Analytical methods toassess ORR......................................................................175
5.3 Standard protocolsfor obtaining data with Pt/C.................................................176
5.4 Mono- and multi-metallic catalysts......................................................................178
5.4.1 Platinum(Pt)............................................................................................178
5.4.2 Palladium(Pd)..........................................................................................181
5.4.3 Gold (Au).................................................................................................183
5.4.4 Ruthenium (Ru)........................................................................................184
5.4.5 Osmium(Os)............................................................................................186
5.4.6 Rhodium (Rh)...........................................................................................186
5.4.7 Silver (Ag)................................................................................................187
5.4.8 Iridium(Ir)................................................................................................188
5.5 Alloy-based catalysts............................................................................................190
5.6 Metal oxidescatalysts..........................................................................................193
5.7 Photocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction............................................................195
5.8 Direct synthesis ofhydrogen peroxide ontransition metal surface....................196
5.9 Noble metals inaerobic oxidation reactions........................................................197
5.10 Commercial and environmental viability.............................................................198
5.11 Summary andfuture directions............................................................................199
References.............................................................................................................200
CHAPTER 6 Oxygen reduction reaction by non-noble metal-based
catalysts.................................................................................205
SubhajitSarkar, Ashmita Biswas, and Ramendra SundarDey
6.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................205
6.2 ORR mechanism...................................................................................................206
6.3 Oxygenreductionreaction kinetics......................................................................208
6.4 Single anddual metal sites-basedsingle atomic catalyst....................................208
6.5 Alloy-based catalysts............................................................................................218
6.6 Metal oxidescatalysts..........................................................................................221
6.6.1 Singletransition metal oxides-type catalysts..........................................221
6.6.2 Perovskite-type catalysts..........................................................................222
6.6.3 Spinel-type catalysts.................................................................................223
6.6.4 Other ternary transitionmetal oxides......................................................223
6.7 Transition metal chalcogenides............................................................................223
viii Contents
6.8 Transition metal carbides/nitrides/oxynitrides.....................................................225
6.8.1 Transition metal carbides.........................................................................225
6.8.2 Transition metal nitrides..........................................................................228
6.8.3 Transition metal oxynitrides....................................................................230
6.9 Commercial and environmental viability.............................................................231
6.10 Summaryand future directions............................................................................232
Acknowledgments................................................................................................233
References.............................................................................................................233
CHAPTER 7 Oxygen reduction reaction by metal-free catalysts ....................241
Min Hui Kim, Yeong A. Kang, and In-Yup Jeon
7.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................241
7.2 Synthesisand synergisticeffects ofdopants........................................................244
7.3 Carbon nanotube-based catalysts.........................................................................248
7.4 Graphene-based catalysts.....................................................................................250
7.5 Graphite or graphitic nanoplatelet-basedcatalysts..............................................252
7.6 3D porous carbon catalysts..................................................................................253
7.7 Other carbonmaterialcatalysts............................................................................256
7.7.1 Single atom-doped carbon materials.......................................................256
7.7.2 Codopedcarbonmaterials........................................................................261
7.8 Commercial and environmental viability.............................................................265
Acknowledgments................................................................................................266
References.............................................................................................................266
CHAPTER 8 Oxygen reduction reaction in hydrogen fuel cells......................277
Arnab Kanti Giri
8.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................277
8.2 Fundamental conceptandworking principle.......................................................278
8.2.1 Actual performance..................................................................................280
8.3 Catalyst materials used: Design, synthesis, and performances...........................281
8.3.1 Design.......................................................................................................281
8.3.2 Synthesis...................................................................................................284
8.3.3 Performances............................................................................................288
8.4 Commercial and environmental viability.............................................................288
8.4.1 Commercial viability................................................................................288
8.4.2 Environmental viability............................................................................294
8.5 Existing challenges and future direction..............................................................295
8.5.1 Cost...........................................................................................................295
8.5.2 Degradation..............................................................................................295
8.6 Summary...............................................................................................................295
Contents ix
References.............................................................................................................296
Further reading.....................................................................................................303
CHAPTER 9 Oxygen reduction reaction in methanol fuel cells......................305
AnaghaYatheendran and N.Sandhyarani
9.1 Introduction: Background and significance.........................................................305
9.2 Direct methanolfuel cells (DMFCs)....................................................................305
9.2.1 Fundamental concepts and working principle.........................................307
9.3 ORR catalysts inDMFC: Design, synthesis, and performance..........................311
9.3.1 Pt-based ORR catalyst.............................................................................311
9.3.2 Other metallic electrodes.........................................................................312
9.3.3 Transition metal oxides............................................................................313
9.3.4 Ternarytransition metal oxides...............................................................314
9.3.5 Transition metal dichalcogenides............................................................315
9.3.6 Transition metal nitrides..........................................................................317
9.3.7 Transition metal carbides.........................................................................320
9.3.8 Carbonnanomaterials...............................................................................322
9.3.9 Metal–organic frameworks(MOFs)........................................................323
9.4 Commercial and environmental viability ofthe catalyst materials.....................325
9.5 Existingchallenges andfuture directions............................................................326
9.6 Summary...............................................................................................................326
Acknowledgments................................................................................................326
References.............................................................................................................327
Further reading.....................................................................................................335
CHAPTER 10 Oxygen reduction reaction in ethanol fuel cells ........................337
Souvik Roy and Sankeerthana Bellamkonda
10.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................337
10.2 Fundamental concepts and working principle.....................................................340
10.2.1 Workingprinciple of DEFC..................................................................340
10.2.2 Fundamental concepts............................................................................342
10.3 Cathodecatalysts..................................................................................................346
10.3.1 Platinumcatalysts...................................................................................346
10.3.2 Palladium-based catalysts......................................................................353
10.3.3 Ru based electrocatalysts.......................................................................359
10.3.4 Non-noble metal based electrocatalysts.................................................359
10.4 Commercial and environmental viability ofthe catalyst materials.....................367
10.5 Existingchallenges andfuture directions............................................................369
10.6 Summary...............................................................................................................371
References.............................................................................................................371
x Contents
CHAPTER 11 Oxygen reduction reaction in solid oxide fuel cells...................379
Vipin Kamboj and ChinmoyRanjan
11.1 Backgroundand significance...............................................................................379
11.2 Fundamental concepts andworking principle.....................................................380
11.2.1 Thermodynamics and kinetics...............................................................381
11.2.2 Materials.................................................................................................383
11.2.3 Oxygenvacancy concentration..............................................................384
11.2.4 Oxide ions flux.......................................................................................386
11.2.5 Cell designs for measuringoverpotentials............................................386
11.2.6 MEA architectures.................................................................................388
11.2.7 SOFC testing..........................................................................................389
11.2.8 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)...................................390
11.3 Catalyst materials for oxygen reduction reaction................................................391
11.3.1 Catalyst materials...................................................................................392
11.4 Methods used for preparation of cathode catalyst...............................................398
11.4.1 Solid-state synthesis...............................................................................398
11.4.2 Hydrothermal synthesis..........................................................................399
11.4.3 Co-precipitationmethod.........................................................................400
11.4.4 Sol–gel method.......................................................................................401
11.4.5 Combustion synthesis.............................................................................401
11.5 Method used for catalyst depositionon electrolytes...........................................402
11.5.1 Thin-film deposition...............................................................................402
11.5.2 Tape casting...........................................................................................403
11.5.3 Screenprinting.......................................................................................403
11.5.4 Other thinfilm deposition methods.......................................................404
11.5.5 Infiltration...............................................................................................404
11.5.6 Exsolution...............................................................................................406
11.6 Commercial and environmental viabilityof the catalyst materials.....................407
11.7 Challengesand future directions..........................................................................408
11.7.1 Environmentalfactors (reactive instability)..........................................408
References.............................................................................................................413
CHAPTER 12 Oxygen reduction reaction in enzymatic biofuel cells................427
MdEstak Ahmed, SamirChattopadhyay, SudiptaChatterjee, and
Kushal Sengupta
12.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................427
12.2 Basic features:Kinetics and thermodynamics.....................................................429
12.3 Immobilization ofenzymes onto electrodes for electronic coupling..................431
12.4 Enzymatic O reduction.......................................................................................433
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12.4.1 ElectrocatalyticO reduction bylaccases.............................................434
2