Oxygen Radicals in Biological Systems Part D PDF
Preview Oxygen Radicals in Biological Systems Part D
METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY EDITORS-IN-CHIEF John N. Abelson Melvin I. Simon DIVISION OF BIOLOGY CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PASADENA, CALIFORNIA FOUNDING EDITORS Sidney P. Colowick and Nathan O. Kaplan Methods in Enzymology Volume 234 Oxygen Radicals ni Biological Systems Part D EDITED BY Lester Packer DEPARTMENT OF MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA Editorial Advisory Board Bruce Ames Etsuo Niki Kelvin Davies William Pryor Barry HaUiwell Helmut Sies ® ACADEMIC PRESS A Division of Harcourt Brace & Company San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto Contributors to Volume 234 Article numbers are in parentheses following the names of contributors. Affiliations listed are current. ELIAS N. ABOUJAOUDE (2), Department of MICHAEL BOCKSTETTE (13), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of lmmunochemistry, Deutsches Krebsfors- California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Califor- chungszentrum, D-69120 Heidelberg, nia 02749 Germany SHOSHY ALTUVIA (17), Cell Biology and WOLF BORS (41), Institutfiir Strahlenbiolo- Metabolism Branch, National Institute of gie, GSF-Forschungszentrum fiir Umwelt Child Health and Human Development, und Gesundheit Neuherberg, D-85758 National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Oberschleissheim, Germany Maryland 29802 KARLIS BRIVIBA (37), Institut fiir Physiolo- BRUCE N. AMES (2, 8, 23), Department of gische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Univer- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of ,tigtis D-40001 Diisseldorf, Germany California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Califor- GARRY W. BUCHKO (8), Department of Ra- nia 02749 diobiology, Cross Cancer Institute, Ed- MARY E. ANDERSON (49, 50), Department monton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2Z1 of Biochemistry, Cornell University Medi- MARK J. BURKITT (7), Division of Biochem- cal College, New York, New York 12001 ical Sciences, Rowett Research Institute, MIGUEL ASENSI (35), Departamento de Fi- Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SB, Scotland, siolo~ia, Universidad de Valencia, 01064 United Kingdom Valencia, Spain LARRY G. BUTLER (42), Department of -DiB LAURA AUGERI (10), Departments of Bio- chemistry, Purdue University, West La- chemistry and Radiation Oncology, Rol- fayette, Indiana 47907 lins Research Center, Emory University JEAN CADET (8), D~partement de Recher- School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia che Fondamentale sur al Matidre Con- 22303 dens6e, SESAM/LAN, CEA - Centre d'E- PATRICK A. BAEUERLE (14), Institute of Bio- tudes Nacldaires de Grenoble, F-38054 chemistry, University of Freiburg, D- Grenoble, France 40197 Freiburg, Germany JOHN M. CARNEY (53), Department of -DiB G. BARJA (31), Department of Animal Biol- chemistry and Molecular Biology, Okla- ogy-H (Animal Physiology), Complutense homa Medical Research Foundation, University, 28040 Madrid, Spain Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 40137 SHARMILA BAsu-MODAK (18), Swiss Insti- RAJAGOPAL CHATTOPADHYAYA (5), Bose tute for Experimental Cancer Research, Institute, 450007 Calcutta, India Physical Carcinogenesis Unit, CH-1066 QIN CHEN (2), Department of Molecular Epalinges, Switzerland and Cell Biology, University of California CHRISTA BAUMSTARK-KHAN (9), Radiolo- at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 02749 gische Universitgitsklinik, Experimentelle JOSIANE CILLARD (43), Laboratoire de Radiologie und Strahlenbiologie, Univer- Biologie Cellulaire et V~gdtale, Facult~ t~itis Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany de Pharmacie, 35043 Rennes, France JOHN S. BERTRAM (19), Cancer Research PIERRE CILLARD (43), Laboratoire de Biolo- Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, gie CeUulaire et V6gdtale, Facult~ de Honolulu, Hawaii 31869 Pharmacie, 35043 Rennes, France xi xii CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 234 IAN A. EVAERGTOC (48), Institute of Envi- CHERYL A. EDBAUER-NECHAMEN (16), De- ronmental Medicine, Division of Toxicol- partment of Biochemistry and Molecular ogy, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 Biology, The Albany Medical College, Al- ,77 Sweden bany, New York 80221 DANA R. CRAWFORD (16), Department of BERND EPE (12), Institute of Pharmacology Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The and Toxicology, University of Wiirzburg, Albany Medical College, Albany, New 87079-D Wiirzburg, Germany York 80221 Jose M. ESTRELA (35), Departamento de Fi- LLORRAC E. CROSS (21), Department of siologia, Universidad de Valencia, 01064 Medicine and Physiology, Pulmonary- Valencia, Spain Critical Care Medicine, University of -laC TREBOR A. FLOYD (6, 53), Department of ifornia, Davis Medical Center, Sacra- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, mento, California 71859 Oklahoma Medical Research Founda- MOT CURRAN (15), Department of Molecu- tion, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 40137 lar Oncology and Virology, Roche Insti- tute of Molecular Biology, Roche Re- BALZ FREI (23), Whitaker Cardiovascular search Center, Nutley, NJ 01170 Institute, Boston University Medical Cen- ter, Boston, Massachusetts 81120 DIPAK K. SAD (40), Cardiovascular Divi- sion, Department of Surgery, Surgical MIHCAOJ-SNAH FREISLEBEN (36), Depart- Research Center, University of Connecti- ment of Molecular and Cell Biology, Uni- cut School of Medicine, Farmington, versity of California at Berkeley, Berke- Connecticut 03060 ley, California 02749 ANNAOJ M. S. DAVIES (16), Department of T. G. GANTCHEV (63), MRC Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ehT the Radiation Sciences, Department of Albany Medical College, Albany, New Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, York 80221 University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, KELVIN J. A. DAVIES (16), Department of Qudbec, Canada J1H 5N4 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ehT MONIQUE GARDgS-ALBERT (46), Rend Des- Albany Medical College, Albany, New cartes University, Physical Chemistry York 80221 Laboratory, URA 400 CNRS , 60057 MiRAL DIZDAROGLU (1), Chemical Science Paris, France and Technology Laboratory, National In- ERNST GLINZ (26), Pharma Research, F. stitute of Standards and Technology, Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4002 Ba- Gaithersburg, Maryland 99802 sel, Switzerland PAUL W. HCSTEOD (3, 10), Departments of DAVID V. GOEDDEL (20), Department of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, Immunology and Molecular Biology, Rollins Research Center, Emory Univer- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, sity School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia California 08049 22303 WULF EGORD (13), Department oflmmuno- MATTHEW B. GRISHAM (57), Department of chemistry, Deutsehes Krebsforschungs- Physiology and Biophysics, Louisiana zentrum, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany State University Medical Cener, Shreve- port, Louisiana 03117 MARIA-THERESE DROY-LEFAIX (46), De- partment of Pharmacology, IPSEN Insti- ANN E. HAGERMAN (42), Department of tute, 75016 Paris, France Chemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 65054 TIMOTHY R. DUVALL (22), California Re- gional Primate Research Center, Univer- EDWARD D. HALL (56), CNS Diseases Re- sity of California at Davis, Davis, Califor- search Unit, Upjohn Company, Kalama- nia 61659 zoo, Michigan 10094 CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 234 Xlll .o° BARRY HALLIWELL (21), Pharmacology IK~rAK AMAYIMOK (29), Research Division, Group, King's College, University of ehT Kitasato Institute, Minato-ku, Tokyo London, London SW3 6LX, United King- ,801 Japan dom ALFRED W. KORMANN (26), Vitamins and KRISTA K. HAMILTON (3), Department of Fine Chemicals Research, Research and Biochemistry, Emory University School Technology Development, F. Hoffmann- of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 22303 La Roche Ltd., CH-4002 Basel, Switzer- KRISTA K. HAMILTON (10), Departments of land Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, OK1EK KOYAMA (32), Department of Bio- Rollins Research Center, Emory Univer- chemistry, Osaka City University Medical sity School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia School, Abeno, Osaka 545, Japan 22303 MURALI C. KRISHNA (59), Radiation Oncol- JUTTA HEGLER (12), Institute of Pharmacol- ogy Branch, National Cancer Institute, ogy and Toxicology, University of -zriiW National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, burg, D-97078 Wiirzburg, Germany Maryland 29802 TSNRE S. HENLE (5), Department of Biolog- DLOREJ A. LAST (22), California Regional ical Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacol- Primate Research Center, University of ogy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, California at Davis, Davis, California Massachusetts 51120 61659 A. HERNANZ (31) Department of Biochemis- DIANA M. LEE (52), Free Radical Biology try, lnsalud La Paz Hospital, 28046 Ma- and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma drid, Spain Medical Resarch Foundation, Oklahoma LUBICA .g.VOK~ROH (58), Department of City, Oklahoma 40137 Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experi- GNUOYMNUEK LEE (3), Department of Bot- mental Pharmacology, Slovak Academy any and Plant Sciences, University of of Sciences, 248 61 Bratislava, Slovakia California at Riverside, Riverside, Cali- J. R. S. HOULT (44), Department of Phar- fornia 12529 macology, King's College London, Lon- DRAR~IG LESCOAT (43), Laboratoire de don SW3 6LX, United Kingdom Biologie Cellulaire et Vdg(tale, Facultd USAYASAM INOUE (32), Department of -DiB de Pharmacie, 35043 Rennes, France chemistry, Osaka City University Medical NELLE J. LEVY (49, 50), Department of School, Abeno, Osaka 545, Japan Anatomy and Cell Biology, State Univer- DRAHCIR L. NOSKCAJ (51), Wyeth-Ayerst sity of New York Health Science Center Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at Brooklyn, New York, New York 30211 10191 DANIEL C. LIEBLER (27), Department of GNEHCUR JIN (5), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, College and Cell Biology, University of ainrofilaC of Pharmacy, University of Arizona at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 02749 Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona NAIRELAV E. KAGAN (28, 33, 36, 63), De- 12758 partment of Environmental and Occupa- TRAUTS LINN (5), Department of Molecular tional Health, University of Pittsburgh, and Cell Biology, University of California Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 83251 at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 02749 S. KHWAIA (33), Department of Molecular MARIA A. LIVREA (39), lstituto de Chimica and Cell Biology, University of ainrofilaC Biologica, Universit& di Palermo, Poli- at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 02749 clinico, 90127 Palermo, Italy YONG K. KIM (16), Department of Bio- SELRAHC V. LOWRY (16), Department of chemistry and Molecular Biology, ehT Al- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ehT bany Medical College, Albany, New York Albany Medical College, Albany, New 80221 York 80221 xiv CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 234 GNAHZGNOY LUO (5), Department of Bio- SALOHCIN J. MILLER (24), Free Radical Re- logical Chemistry and Molecular Phar- search Group, UMDS-dash Guy's Hospi- macology, Harvard Medical School, Bos- tal, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom ton, Massachusetts 51120 PETER SU~IDLOM (48), Institute of Environ- I. TONG MAK (62), Departments of Medi- mental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, cine and Physiology, George Washington Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 ,77 University Medical Center, Washington, Sweden D.C. 20037 OLIVIER H. MORAND (61), Pharma Divi- UBONASAM MANABE (36), Department of sion, Preclinical Research, F. Hoffman- Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Kochi LaRoche Ltd., CH-4002 Basel, Switzer- Medical School, Nankoku-shi, Kochi ,387 land Japan ISABELLE MOREL (43), Laboratoire de NOMIS J. T. MAO (51), Marion Merrell Biologie Cellulaire et V~g~tale, Facult~ Dow Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio de Pharmacie, 35043 Rennes, France 51254 MICHELE A. YENOROM (44), Department of LUCIA ICCOCRAM (46, 54), Department of Pharmacology, King's College London, Molecular and Cell Biology, University of London SW3 6LX, United Kingdom California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Califor- PAUL A. MOTCHNIK (23), Xoma Corpora- nia 02749 tion, Berkeley, California 01749 AMY M. MARTIN (10), Departments of Bio- MAIK S. W. FRODNEBO (4), Institutfiir Phy- chemistry and Radiation Oncology, Rol- siologische Chemie ,1 Heinrich-Heine- lins Research Center, Emory University Universitdt, D-40001 Diisseldorf, Ger- School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia many 22303 LESTER REKCAP (28, 33, 34, 36, 45, 46, 54), JOHN M. MCCALL (56), Discovery Re- Department of Molecular and Cell Biol- search, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, ogy, University of California at Berkeley, Michigan 10094 Berkeley, California 02749 ALTON MEISTER (49, 50), Department of FEDERICO V. PALLARDO (35), Departa- Biochemistry, Cornell University Medical mento de Fisiologia, Universidad de -aV College, New York, New York 12001 lencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain SOLRAC OCIREDERF MARTINS MENCK (11), MIGUEL PAYA (44), Departamento de Fi- Department of Biology, Institute of Bios- siologla, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 ciences, University of Sao Paulo, CEP Valencia, Spain 079-22450 Sao Paulo, Brazil ORS B. RANALDER (26), Pharma Research, ATSIRI-IC MICHEL (41), Institutfiir Strahlen- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4002 biologie, GSF Forschungszentrum fiir Basel, Switzerland Umwelt und Gesundheit Neuherberg, D- JEAN-Luc RAVANAT (8), Ddpartement de 85758 Oberschleissheim, Germany Recherche Fondamentale sur la Matidre SABINE MIHM (13), Department of Gastro- Condensde, SESAM/LAN, CEA - Centre enterology and Endocrinology, University d'Etudes Nucldaires de Grenoble, F- of G6ttingen, D-37075 GiSttingen, Ger- 45083 Grenoble, France many EIRAMESOR RETTENMAIER (25), Vitamins OKUYASAM MIKI (55), Department of Pedi- and Fine Chemicals Research, Research atrics, Osaka Medical College, Takat- and Technology Development, F. Hoff- suki, Osaka 569, Japan mann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4002 Basel, ALLEN M. MILES (57), Department of Phys- Switzerland iology and Biophysics, Louisiana State ENIREHTAC RICE-EVANS (24), Free Radical University Medical Center, Shreveport, Research Group, UMDS-Guy's Hospi- Louisiana 03117 tal, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 234 XV SEGROEG RISS (26), Vitamins and Fine STEEN NEKNEETS (58), Max-Planck-lnstitut Chemicals Research, Research and Tech- far Strahlenchemie, W-4330 Miilheim, nology Development, F. Hoffmann-La Germany Roche Ltd., CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland GISELA STORZ (17), Cell Biology and Me- STEFFEN ROTH (13), Mannheimer Strasse tabolism Branch, National Institute of ,921 68309 Mannheim, Germany Child Health and Human Development, NORAHS L. SALMON (16), Department of National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Maryland 29802 Albany Medical College, Albany, New O. A. YKSVONAYOTS (33, 63), Department York 80221 of Environmental and Occupational MARMA SAMUNI (59), Department of Mo- Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pitts- lecular Biology, Hebrew University Medi- burgh, Pennsylvania 83251 cal School, 91010 Jerusalem, Israel ALFRED R. SUNDQUIST (37), Department of DERFNAM SARAN (41), Institutfiir Strahlen- Chemistry, University of California at biologie, GSF Forschungszentrum fiir San Diego, San Diego, California 39029 Umwelt und Gesundheit Neuherberg, D- ORIHCIUY JUSTIN SUZUKI (45, 54), Depart- 85758 Oberschleissheirn, Germany ment of Molecular and Cell Biology, Uni- JUAN SASTRE (35), Departamento de Fi- versity of California at Berkeley, Berke- siologia, Universidad de Valencia, 01064 ley, California 02749 Valencia, Spain BRIAN K. NOTGNIKRAT (22), California Re- RALF KCERHCS (14), Fred Hutchinson Can- gional Primate Research Center, Univer- cer Center, Seattle, Washington 40189 sity of California at Davis, Davis, Califor- nia 61659 WILLY SCHLrEP (25), Vitamins and Fine Chemicals Research, Research and Tech- LUISA EREIROSET (39), Istituto de Chimica nology Development, F. Hoffmann-La Biologica, Universitft di Palermo, Poli- Roche Ltd., CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland clinico, 90127 Palermo, Italy GNAGFLOW A. SCHULZ (4), Institutfiir Phy- OKIHASAM TSUCHIYA (36, 45, 54), Depart- siologische Chemie ,1 Heinrich-Heine- ment of Anesthesiology and Resuscito- ,ti?tisrevinU D-40001 Diisseldorf, Ger- logy, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku- many shi, Kochi 783, Japan ABDELHAFID SEKAKI (46), Rend Descartes REX M. TYRRELL (18), Swiss Institute for University, Physical Chemistry Labora- Experimental Cancer Research, Physical tory, URA 004 CNRS , 75006 Paris, Carcinogenesis Unit, CH-I066 Epalinges, France Switzerland ELENA A. AVONIBRES (33, 34), Department J. E. NAV LIER (63), MRC Group ni the Ra- of Molecular and Cell Biology, University diation Sciences, Department of Nuclear of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Cali- Medicine and Radiobiology, University of fornia 02749 Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Qudbec, Can- ada J1H 5N4 MARK K. SHIGENAGA (2), Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of GOVlND T. YRESSATAV (30), Research Ser- California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Califor- vice, and Geriatric Research Education ain 02749 and Clinical Center, V.A. Medical Cen- ter, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417 HELMUT SIES (4, 37, 38, 47, 58), Institutffw Physiologische Chemie I, Heinrich- JOSE A4ZIIV (35), Departamento de Fi- Heine-Universitiit, D-40001 Diisseldorf, siologia, Universidad de Valencia, 01064 Germany Valencia, Spain WILHELM STAHL (38), Institutfi2r Physiolo- WILLI WALTHER (26), Pharma Research, F. gische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Univer- Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4002 Ba- ,t~itis 10004-D Diisseldorf, Germany sel, Switzerland xvi CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 234 WILLIAM B. WEGLICKI (62), Departments Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, of Medicine and Physiology, George Pennsylvania 83251 Washington University Medical Center, UZAKASAM AKOAMAY (29), Applied Micro- Washington, D.C. 20037 biology Division, National Institute of HELEN WISEMAN (60), Departments of Bioscience and Human Technology, Tsu- Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Royal kuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan Free Hopsital School of Medicine, Lon- MARK T. YATES (51), Marion Merrell Dow don NW3 2PF, United Kingdom Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio 51254 GRACE H. W. WONG (20), Cardiovascular Department, Genetech, Inc., South San HELEN C. OEY (8), Department of Molecu- lar and Cell Biology, University of -ilaC Francisco, California 08049 fornia at Berkeley, Berkeley, California PETER K. WONG (6), Free Radical Biology 02749 and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma SOLUAP G. YOHANNES (10), Science Divi- Medical Research Foundation, Okla- sion, DeKalb College, Decatur, Georgia homa City, Oklahoma 40137 43003 STEVEN SIKADUOHTNAX (15), Roche Insti- L1-XIN ZHANG (19), Cell Biology Section, tute of Molecular Biology, Roche Re- Laboratory of Pulmonary Pathobiology, search Center, Nutley, New Jersey 01170 National Institute of Environmental J. C. YALOWICH (63), Department of Phar- Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, macology, University of Pittsburgh, and North Carolina 27709 Preface The importance of oxygen-derived radicals, reactive oxygen species, and antioxidants in health and disease is now recognized by every branch of medicine and biological science. Overwhelming evidence indicates that free radicals play a role in most major health problems of the industrial- ized world, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurological dis- ease, and aging, and that antioxidants play a critical role in wellness, health maintenance, and the prevention of chronic and degenerative dis- eases. Oxidants also play a role in some aspects of health, as in the oxidative burst of neutrophils and macrophages which allows them to kill foreign organisms. The discovery that endothelial relaxing factor is nitric oxide has pro- vided further evidence of the role of reactive oxygen species in transcellu- lar signaling pathways; the inducible nitric oxide synthetase in macro- phages produces large amounts of nitric oxide which are cytotoxic. Transcellular signaling and cytotoxicity have generated enormous inter- est, not only in nitric oxide, but also in hydrogen peroxide, carbon mon- oxide, and other oxygen-containing compounds as modulators of cell pro- liferation and differentiation. Recently, a new branch of these studies has emerged. It is becoming increasingly evident that oxygen radicals and antioxidants have roles in modulating gene expression; e.g., reactive oxygen species affect tran- scription factors (NFK-B, AP-1) and early growth response genes (c-los, c-jun, etc.). These effects can be important both in normal growth as well as in pathological conditions. The discovery and continued exploration of such actions, as well as clarification of the subtle interactions between oxidants and antioxidants and between various antioxidants themselves, have been the result of new, more sensitive techniques for the detection and quantitation of oxy- gen radicals in biological systems and the merging of these techniques with the explosive and ever-changing fields of molecular biology and mo- lecular genetics. The enormous array of technologies and new developments has re- quired two new Methods in Enzymology volumes, Oxygen Radicals in Biological Systems (Part C, Volume 233, and Part D, Volume 234), to contain some of the best and most recent technical improvements in the field of oxidants in biological systems. The contributions to these volumes describe methods for the generation and determination of various radical species and antioxidant actions and for the study of the products of their attack on cellular components. xvii IIIVX .°° ECAFERP We express great appreciation to the editorial advisory board--Bruce Ames, Kelvin J. A. Davies, Barry Halliwell, Etsuo Niki, William Pryor, and Helmut Sies--whose advice, suggestions, and contributions have helped these volumes represent the state of the art in new techniques and methods. LESTER PACKER
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