Overcoming the Persistence of Inequality and Poverty PDF
Preview Overcoming the Persistence of Inequality and Poverty
Overcoming the Persistence of Inequality and Poverty Edited by Valpy FitzGerald Judith Heyer Rosemary Thorp Overcoming the Persistence of Inequality and Poverty This page intentionally left blank Overcoming the Persistence of Inequality and Poverty Editedby Valpy FitzGerald OxfordDepartmentofInternationalDevelopment(QueenElizabethHouse),UK Judith Heyer SomervilleCollege,UniversityofOxford,UK Rosemary Thorp OxfordDepartmentofInternationalDevelopment(QueenElizabethHouse),UK Introduction,selectionandeditorialmatter©ValpyFitzGerald, JudithHeyerandRosemaryThorp2011 Individualchapters©contributors2011 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2011 978-0-230-24970-7 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6-10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentified astheauthorsofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2011by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-32087-5 ISBN 978-0-230-30672-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230306721 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Overcomingthepersistenceofinequalityandpoverty/[editedby] ValpyFitzGerald,JudithHeyer,andRosemaryThorp. p. cm. Includesindex. Summary:“Internationalexpertsevaluatenewpolicydirectionsineconomic developmentandpovertyreduction,buildingontheideasofapioneerinthe newdisciplineofDevelopmentStudies,FrancesStewart.Combingideasand evidenceontechnologicalchange,humandevelopmentandconflictprevention toaddresstheissueofthepersistenceofinequality”—Providedbypublisher. 1. Economicdevelopment. 2. Incomedistribution. 3. Poverty. 4. Equality. I. Fitzgerald,E.V.K.(EdmundValpyKnox),1947– II. Heyer,Judith. III. Thorp,Rosemary. HD82.09152011 338.9—dc22 2010050730 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 Contents ListofFiguresandTables vii Acknowledgements x NotesonContributors xi ListofAcronyms xix Part I Introduction 1 PresentingtheBook 3 ValpyFitzGerald,JudithHeyerandRosemaryThorp 2 SocialWellbeingandConflict:ThemesfromtheWorkof FrancesStewart 19 JohnToye Part II TechnicalChangeandEconomic Development 3 TechnologyChange:SourcesandImpediments 45 GustavRanis,MalloryIronsandYanjingHuang 4 MigrationandProductivityPatternsinEuropeanRegions 73 GiorgioBarbaNavaretti,GianfrancoDeSimone,Gianluca OreficeandAngelicaSalvi 5 RevisitingTechnologyandUnderdevelopment:Climate Change,Politicsandthe‘D’ofSolarEnergyTechnologyin ContemporaryIndia 92 BarbaraHarriss-WhitewithSunaliRohraandNigelSingh Part III HumanDevelopment,IncomeDistribution andPoverty 6 AdvancingHumanDevelopment:Values,Groups,Power andConflict 127 SéverineDeneulin v vi Contents 7 WelfareRegimesandEconomicDevelopment:Bridging theConceptualGap 149 ThandikaMkandawire 8 Democracy,theNewLeftandIncomeDistribution:Latin AmericaovertheLastDecade 172 GiovanniAndreaCorniaandBrunoMartorano Part IV Conflict,EthnicityandInequality 9 UnderstandingHorizontalInequalities:TheRoleofCivil Society 203 GrahamK.Brown 10 HorizontalInequalitiesandMilitancy:TheCaseof Nigeria’sNigerDelta 231 ArnimLangerandUkohaUkiwo 11 SeekingRepresentativeness:AffirmativeActioninNigeria andSouthAfricaCompared 251 AbdulRaufuMustapha FrancesStewart:ASelectBibliography 277 AuthorIndex 288 SubjectIndex 293 List of Figures and Tables Figures 3.1 Externalsources:OpennessandFDI 49 3.2 Externalsources:Foreignpatents 54 3.3 Internalsources:Utilitymodelsanddomestic patents 57 3.4 Internalsources:Grossdomesticinvestmentratio 59 3.5 Internalsources:S&Tpersonnel,R&Dexpenditure, vocationaleducation 61 4.1 Lorenzcurvesfor:(i)Stockofimmigrantsworkinginthe industrialsector2003–06;(ii)StockofinwardFDI 2003–06inmanufacturing;(iii)StockofoutwardFDI 2003–06inmanufacturing;and(iv)Employmentinthe industrialsector 77 4.2 Stockofinward(a)andoutward(b)FDI2003–06in manufacturingperthousandinhabitantsvs.fitted valuesoftheestimatedstockofimmigrants2003–06, controllingforpercapitaGDP 77 4.3a Shareofimmigrantworkersintheindustrialsector 78 4.3b OutwardFDIinmanufacturingperthousand inhabitants 79 4.4 Quantileregressions,byregionandindustry 83 8.1 TrendinthenumberofLeft,RightandCentre governmentsin18LatinAmericancountries, 1990–2009 174 8.2 ChangesintheGinicoefficientsofthedistributionof householdincomepercapita,between1990and2002 (lightbars)andbetween2003and2007(darkbars)in LOCandnon-LOCcountries 177 8.3 Averageinternationaltermsoftradeandtax revenue/GDPratio,LatinAmerica,1990–2007 179 8.4 PercentagechangesinGinicoefficients(y-axis)versus percentagechangeinGDPpc(x-axis)overthebusiness cyclein18countries,1990–2007 181 vii viii ListofFiguresandTables 8.5 Percentagechangeinaverageyearsofeducationofthe adultpopulationandtheGiniofeducational achievementsbetweenthemid-1990sandthe mid-2000sin18LatinAmericancountries 183 9.1 Horizontalinequalityandsocialtrust 216 10.1 FrequencywithwhichrespondentstotheFormer MilitantSurveyhadtogowithoutparticularitems duringchildhood 238 10.2 PerceivedcausesofviolenceandmilitancyintheNiger DeltaaccordingtorespondentsintheCommunity Survey 239 10.3 Perceptionsofhorizontalinequalitiesbyrespondentsin theCommunitySurvey 240 10.4 Reasonsforjoiningamilitiagroup(FormerMilitants Survey) 241 10.5 Perceptionsofmilitiaactivitiesbyrespondentsinthe CommunitySurvey 242 Tables 4.1 MeanTFPregression,byregionandindustry 82 4.2 TFPstandarddeviationregression,byregionand industry 84 4.3a Distributionofnumberoffirmsbyproductivity quintile–high-/low-migrationregions 85 4.3b Distributionofnumberoffirmsbyproductivity quintile–high-/low-offshoringregions 85 4.4 Numberoffirmsregression,byregionandindustry 86 5.A.1 India’stechnologysystemandmarketarchitecturefor solarenergy 113 8.1 LabourmarkettrendsforLOCandnon-LOCcountries inLatinAmerica,1990–2007 181 8.2 Centralgovernments’taxandnon-taxrevenuetoGDP ratiosin1990,2002and2007,andchangesintax structureinLOCandnon-LOCcountries 185 8.3 Averageregionalsocialpublicexpenditure/GDPinLOC versusnon-LOCcountries 188 8.4 Summaryofsomeofthemainsocialprogrammes recentlyintroducedintheregion 189 9.1 Demographicdiversityandsocialtrust 213 ListofFiguresandTables ix 9.2 Horizontalinequalitiesandsocialtrust 214 9.3 Ethno-religiousdiversity,horizontalinequalityand socialcapital 217 10.1 FrequencywithwhichrespondentsoftheCommunity Surveyhadtogowithoutthefollowinginthepastyear (percent) 237 11.1 Trendsinrepresentativenessoffederalbureaucracies (allcategories)1996–2004(percent) 265 11.2 SouthAfrica:Occupationallevels,genderand populationgroup,2003(percent) 266
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