Ornithology from Aristotle to the Present

223 Pages·2016·26.09 MB·English

by  Erwin Stresemann

ORNITHOLOGY
From Aristotle to the Present
ERWIN
STRESEMANN
ORNITHOLOGY
From Aristotle to the Present
Translated by Hans J. and Cathleen Epstein
Edited
by G. William Cottrell
With a ForeWord andanEpilogueon
American Ornithology
by Ernst Mayr
Harvard University Press
Cambridge,
Massachusetts
and
London, England
1975
ERWIN STRESEMANN
1889-1972
Copyright \302\2159175 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College
To my wife
All rights reserved
Library of Congress Catalog CardNumber74-25035
ISBN 0-674-64485-9
Printed in the United StatesofAmerica
Originally published in German asDie Entwicklung
Der
Ornithologie von Aristoteles bis zur Gegenwart
(Berlin: F.W. Peters)
\302\2159151 by F. W. Peters
Contents
Foreword by Ernst May r ix
PART ONE:THEFOUNDATIONS OF ORNITHOLOGY 1
1. From ClassicalTimestotheRenaissance 3
2. The Beginnings of Exotic Ornithology 24
PART TWO: THE DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMATICS AND THE
STUDY OF EVOLUTION 39
3. The Influence of Methodology 41
4.Scientific Expeditions Between 1767 and 1795 64
5.Francois
Levaillant (1753-1824) 85
6. Carl Illiger (1775-1813) 99
7.
Coenraad Jacob Temminck (1778-1858) 110
8. The Natural HistoryCommissionoftheDutch Indies 126
9. Charles Lucien Bonaparte (1803-1857) 153
1.0.The Effect of Natural Philosophy 170
11. HermannSchlege(l1804-1884) 192
12.
Otto Finsch (1839-1917) 220
13. The Effect oftheTheory of Evolution 234
14. Ernst Hartert (1859-1933) 250
15.The Effect of the Theory of Mutation 269
PART THREE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGY 283
16.Early Theories and Collections of Material 285
17.The
Naumann Period 301
18. From Fixed to Evolving Species 312
19. The Return to Empiricism 328
20.The Reform of the Theory of Behavior 339
21.
Ramification and Interconnection 351
vlll Contunttt
IfipiloKuo
M\303\244terlulH for u History of American Ornithology,
by Nrnttt Mayr 365
Roforonces 399 Foreword
Indox 421
Ever since Stresemann's Entwicklung der Ornithologie waspublished
in 1951therehave been demands for an English edition of this exciting
volume.Themeritsofsuch a proposal are obvious. Ornithology, per-
hapsmorethan any other branch of zoology, resembles botany inits
hbavreoadonpoputlh\3e03\24b4rotaapnpyeal. of eYveetryinpespriitoedofrfotmhethlaergGerneuemkbstoerthoefvoplruemseesnt, we
there was nothing like it for ornithologypriortothe appearance of
Stresemann's volume. The fact that the authorwas perhaps the out-
standing ornithologist of hiseragives the volume great authority. But
Stresemann wasmorethan a specialist. He was a scholar ofextraor-
dinary breadth and erudition. Like a historian in the bestsenseofthe
word he understood how to capture the Zeitgeistofevery period, the
Coming and going of fashions,theimpactofother sciences and of
contemporary conceptualizations, and, not least,hewas fascinated
with the personalities of the leadingfiguresinthedevelopmenotf
aorcncitohoulongty. and eTnhiasbledpermihttiemd to hpirmesetonteasctahpoerothueghdlaynrgeeardoafbaledr,yindfaectueald
altogether fascinating, story. He made his intent quite clearby using
(in the German title) the wordEntwicklung(\"development\") rather
than Geschichte (\"history\.
There are tworeasonswhy a history of ornithology is of impor-
tancefar beyond the boundaries of that field. Becausebirdsareso
accessible for study and research, ornithologists again andagainhave
become leaders in certain new branches of biology.Inzoogeography,
in the theory of evolution, in the theory of geographicspeciation,
in environmental physiology, in population biology, in endocrinology,
in the study of behavior (ethology), and in many other areasof biology
some of the most important pioneering achievementsweremadeby
ornithologists. Indeed, no history of these disciplinescanbewritten
without a careful analysis of the input fromornithology.But there is a
second reason for the importanceofahistoricatrleatment of
ornitholoTghy.is is the excessive emphasis in recent historiesofmodernbiology
on experimental researches or, to put it negatively,theextraordinary
neglecotfthe contributions made by all those branches of biologythat
x
Vom word
ml((lH b\302\2(5io3nvoniontly bracketed under the name of natural history.
ThoreIh no history of biology in which we canfind a truly adequate
proHontation of the maturation ofthespeciecsoncepto,fthe study of
K<H)jjruphic Variation, of the theory ofsystematics(fromtheviewpoint
of the \303\274oologist), of animal ecology and ethology, and of the many Preface
othor areas to which ornithology had madesuchsignificant contribu-
tions. Even those who are not intheslightest interested in ornithology
will find Stresemann's accounts of thesesubjectsfascinating and in-
vuluttble.
The volume waswrittenintheimmediatpeostwar years during the
O\So"tnrhfelsyuteemnagnnena'ersntpireelybrsloonckafawodmifethil\oy"uS,ttroefsaelBwhmeaeaytar,snlinn'aws,niidntihnoawduttiotwhmoouhit-toartobwfloreemaeetaenrpae,carcgerelytesmascnettrodnictlesiibrxtharyyta,rraoeordrgbfadycaiilisntie,sa.ry Bdnumoibredmrs.aByrea,nndoawt pdisrtthereibsuetinnountm,btehrebofoeftshtbestiurdidgedeospgreacpoifheisca,nyarnadccl,easfssohravienthtahtbeeemnanaitamtlelarlb,utkthiencgom--
msrecrefilmpetco.tTreyhdcineoduitfhfiecludlthadveeficiencpcoenyrfdoitrimonesd of foouthntendeortemsirwachleiacnhdobfthiebcolimboogpolrkeatpinhwgiacstdwheertiatmitle,annauna-dre pmstaltueastneylysofpdeeoctreineirthsmohlioavngeyed.beeAnhnasaitnovlaemstteiglyyat,edphbyseioelogny, itnakdeentailea.coslobgAy,ostahcStaaonndndardsebqehuaevianonrdce,gtuohifdee
withseenemtheedtdranselatsionirablteowafisll btheigsun,gapPrionfestshoer AmSetrreisceamnanenditiwona.s nHeoawrinegve8r0, ifotsrIhtpirisostgotrhersuiscsatilebnmazcopkotligongrgyot.ounexadmi.ne just this branch of zoology against
hgatchaanreemetd(eMpalianiwystatreastkroinagtlyunthoree,clhorenecgskte\ec3r0du3\2ces6hu6epacpkablyemlndeodsttwomaotohhssfetealtphbe.oenlfteiMrc,etthihotaenaskstttirmoafnoinsssrslattioutniiognnnhait,sIthneefls\oy3a0or3,n\m2r7Gdi4pager.tebiiWnioiktllnnhaiaom.elwflroedFgrheuaercCtoohcttrrueelMrlromaarf-coyre ihaaEsnivmnsdetndoriaomonfldtheesthceioelllendaemtsasitdf,eisnctcsu,onumasnttorpbasmracoitcemisvnkeeecltaaottuhrrretCeihubm)vr,rueeinntatgmr,kinoamdsbmioasolrypmyneiethnaencotlstoataoagtribtccfaarlhlcobetpitirhvht(eeihfeo,iidrmtm,okenaaaoxthnwggealdeeimdn:gsavepaio,tamltlmeio,oetnowhsorhiaeoegsnpiinsiscnyoimiofbfonitlo-hsneefe,wd.
and c\303\266mpleteness.
mddsewhIkHbnntafeeiedolaawfvtrtbmtrftheUEieHVevatetratiadarroirfironierovwtkuotdtsnarionenrufifatgdienlcn.ygncHUttoheSriwhensanieptsevrnmUtieerevraiste,nedcotremteteitnoufyisvrorroosmtesdelerlrireipastesmetmthlliyhtee,tfyaeteriaaatdoolotonfPnshslmiiornts\ttth"dtoetMahePtheosaeiorSrrteesyldetraaih,tsaotthplrtnidsbisfemIuserouoaesrptoafhrtebegtfrnEerlmoepildovoesAeitfptfaetncarimtrtfnalaonhasahorAnrtennoeiomtsevsreisr'lirsdiaoaecnrlcdsaateaatnei.nihoeeettnfoaiihosasxonfdrtothottnthehhorliosyeotrarhnsredg(naetx2oioipinrravstnpu0ofhodittplbsrh.ufhotoeNlmhsowpili\luso3secaAo0lg,sodsae3y\gtme.2vin7yod4vepelondoe.lrrmoubaikmwibciAexnehtwbadrtgihacnineecohrshIlerstfathgt1ieiooartoin9rhserwf.dnn7ioeoerwfqsdrewiio2wqut,llhuiEra)eatoreshdmnStlpgetogearaTroesgmnlhaiedyritsytose.hf\" hwwpTadsoocooihbfsrureiftnnluaovoacoariinsytWetNohsrtthdhsphlhfioaohortueheesonlllpmefriooiscclms,glegeolyysahednsedatotesouhstfrnwtlhisaetisnltsrethrrk,uoiibseteraocn.duvwsfhftliotrstatohtolot.gshoubaosmeortmslohtroeayrhuoetgrdleuvehyrgveicighmrareneeesIrnl,sgooea.hIdrdlianvraiesahtevvnigsoacqWeeabtentvhus,uassee.ntchimerdtilooevolonerdrfeaiosesgtrontvahetftiaheenteutAerlhtnrecsaldeomceneiqrmnyunostdastioitntoSnsohpeoerttgaiocmnhaetstlhciioyevrd;entegfv,soyegotbriphrlpirsncregeioieretrnmcdemlnovediteet,nseoatsctfdoenhtotowwneteoflpiinidtelntclhbyurosefymovetiwnaeeaevnnrteantttlyciithhoqudtdtxfehouehesi'eueptsruyat,hnGmadiglIeesavtoneeoeiherlnlaauerfvrvteitiesorenehnxetobtkedwlwesaihlnlirm.sldhdroeshiaM;sohcaspadtusanean,neymssuwotmtboffieoewovvrreebberno-eueerttrnk.
Ernst studied in more than oneaspect.
Mayr IfIhave met any success in offering something newevento theex-
pert,Iam indebted in no small part to favorable circumstancesand
September 1, 1974 willing assistance. Many important details were found in the ornitholo-
xii
Preface
gists' letters preserved in the archives of the DeutscheOrnithologen-
iGneselKls\3c0h3a\2ft6,6then. Ofthethe Bemrlainny ZwohoologihceallpedMmuseeuwmi,thatnhdeitrheknNaoumwannledgeMD,usreu.mJ.
Anker (Copenhagen), Prof. J. Berlioz (Paris), Prof. Dr.H.Engel
(aAndmsterdaAm.), C. PTroofw.nsenAd. Ghi(gLion(dBoonl)ognad)e,servPerofs.peDcri.alPm.Tehntoimons.en(Dresden), PART ONE
Thepublisher,Mr. F. W. Peters, was most effective in putting my
scheme into action and, busy ashewas,inhelpingmewith his lively
interest and experienced advice, for whichIwish to thank him particu-
larly.
Prof. Dr. THE FOUNDATIONS
Erwin Stresemann
Berlin, April 1951
OF ORNITHOLOGY
!
1
From Classical
Times
to the Renaissance
The eventful history of ornithology is much more intimately inter-
woven with the growth of philosophy than many peopletoday realize.
In fact, our subject must becountedasadescendanotfphilosophy,
which guided it for a long timebeforeitbegan to find its own way.
Eventually, togetherwith the other biological sciences, it exchanged
the roleofadocilepupil for that of an experienced teacher.
Theknowledgeofbirds achieved the rank of a methodical science
only through its dependence on philosophy. A long time before that
happened there hadbeenpeoplewho knew about birds; indeed, the
apparently instinctivedesirewhich finds its satisfaction in hunting,
trapping, observing,andadmiringbirds,and which can develop into a
real Obsession,may have existed from prehistoric times to our ownday
in roughly the same number of human beings.
Much has already been written about the prehistoricand early
historical creations stimulated by interest in the worldofbirds\342\200\224
sculpture, wall paintings, poetry, and prose. Thesewill not concern
us here, however; weshallproceedatoncetothe beginnings of
ornithology proper.
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), who came from StagirainMacedoniaw,as
the first person to elevate knowledge of birdstotherankofa science.
By the high Middle Ages,natural scientistsjustifiedtheirthorough
absorption in the subject by the fact that hehad declaredthedetailed
study of birds to be a worthy occupationforthephilosophimcind.
4 The Foundations of Ornithology From ClassicalTimesto theRenaissance 5
During the Renaissancew,hen the knowledge of his writings became ecologica\34l2\2ta00k\e2s24 into account the essential differences in birdstruc-
the commonpropertyofscholarsth,ey tried not merely to follow his ture,because he considered that anatomy is shaped bybasicneeds,
suggestionsbut alsoto rediscovethre species of birds he had mentioned that is, by the demands of the environment.Inorderofimportance,
byname,ofwhich there may have been 140. Admittedly, Aristotle then, basic need ranks higher than structure. Oneofhis examples states
distinguishedfairly clearly the appearance and habits of onlysomeof that when a hen hasdefeatedarooster,she begins to crow and imitates
thembecauseoften he knew so little of their characteristicsthat he roosters byattemptingtotread other hens. The result of these altered
eitherdidnotsucceed at all, or succeeded only partially, in separating instinctsisthat the hen grows rooster's plumage. The samepresup-
thegro.ups (\"genera\") into species. A few chapters of hischiefbiolog- positionmakes Aristotle ascribe to food and climate a directinfluence
ipcriancliwporak,l reTfheerenHcisetosryto bofirdAsn,imbaulst in(igreepnier\30r3a\2f4clh4\30e3\26d6aliordopnimo),ttrecaotntthaeimn hsyiss- onbody size.
tematically. He interwove true and falseaccountsthat he had found in In Egypt animals, asarule,arelargerthan their congeners in Greece,
older writers, likeAristophanesw,ith those that he had received as the cowandthesheep;but some are less, as the dog, the wolf,
directlfyrom birdcatchers, fishermen, and farmers, which dealtwith distribu- thehare,the fox, the raven, and the hawk; othersarepretty much
tion and food, song and winterquarters,nestbuilding and breeding. the same size, as the crowandthegoat.The difference, where it
To these he added hisownpersonalobservations, often deliberately, exists, is attributed to t.h.e. food,as being abundant in one case and
to illustrate general biological problemsby example and to draw com- insufficientinanother In many places the climate will account
parisons, asinthefollowing paragraph: for peculiarities;thus inIllyria,Thrace,and Epirus the ass is small,
and in Gaulandin Scythiatheassisnotfound at all owing to the
With most birds, as has beensaidofthepigeont,he hatching is coldness of the climateofthese countries.2
carried on by the maleandthefemalein turns: with some birds,
however, the maleonly sits long enough to allow the femaleto The whole anatomic Organization of birdsisimportantforAristotle
pburaontvetidisel, thaenydherseaaiffrteerhwaoittnchcheefdoso.idtTt.inhgeInnoetnhsetthsgoeofeogaglsslemtsrahrisebh-beircdotsnhtienuefsemareablbreoualooilndteinginincdui-s- bw(etchhaouissceeh awriietthpisebhcliousoldiaaimratsotooSipngsplehooswegdrowutpohs.itchho\F"psoarrtes\"witthhouits) thpeurp\o"hsasaveneguinhieneousmc\"omakmeosn acnoimmanaldpsara-
tricts fenny andwellsuppliedwith grass; consequently, the mother- tive examinations of the development of the esophagus,thestomach,
bird while sittingquietonhereggs can provide herseif with food and the cecum; he studies lung capacity; he mentionsthelocationand
without having to submit to absolute fasting. With the crow also the the cycle of the gonads and describesthedevelopmenotfthe chicken
female alone broods,andbroodsthroughout the whole period; in the egg as exactly aswas possible without the aid of optical instru-
the male bird supportsthefemaleb,ringing her food and feeding ments.
her. The femaleofthering-dove begins to brood in the afternoon Even these brief examples indicate that Aristotle's abilityto ask
bafonuldillodbwraoinnogeddsasyt;thinroughttwheo mcoatlhmeepartbmenreotniortesd;s nidguhrtinthgeuntmtihlaelebrreebsartkofooadfsts-tthiemonetitmheoef.oPtnhaeertanrdidges isanigtnosifciciaenntmceo,rpholoagnqyud,estiohnasd slyasitdehmadtahticems,agdreouptnhhyedswioslotourgdkyy,foorfeitmtshbeervyaoenlnoimtguyaa,llkOrbgianniiozagtlioodngoym,inptosy-
the female on the other. After hatching,eachofthe parent birds chology,and so forth. In addition, he gaveInstructionsonhow a researcher
rears its brood.1 should proceed. For him, the Observation of animals should subserve
lateArrsisctohtoleladrsirdenaoditninttenod his wtoorkassigan Clabsisridfsicatitoon rigidofcbaitredgsor(itehso.seThwoiutghh tbeeneolencoaluostgoey.theZpouorlpoogsye minuhstertehnetreinfoirt.eeTshtaebstuldyishthoef raenilmaaltsionoisfnaoptheniogmn-oble,
hookedclaws;worm,thistle,and wood-beetle eaters; doves, terrestrial
tcbiivpireledl:ys, tbfhiirsadnssiptecadaxnso,nbaoenmdaicrwarlalenyb.gfeodHoitneeadthblsrioeredinscd)l,aihcseasuteessadeacdnctoohtrehdseiernteormrtggsaoniziwnghethmerore pdrietnhs-ecyrip- itcfhleomsosm,ineggithvoaeveiinmtenmolelengcsreatuceapsllpetaeosruccreheaprttmoioantlhtlhewehosaerntcsaines,tyiettcrsapcireitevenlinthkattsheseo,dfesicgbnayeudsdatisio-n,
lFivoer ohnimlansdu,chognrtohuepecdhgaersaocftreivriezras,tliao\3k4n2e\2w0s0h\i,2ca2hn4d otocedaanys, wooruldon btheecawllaetder. awnidthacrehiilndcislhinaevdetrosipohilonsofphryomthe.e.x.aWme ithnearetfoiroeonfthemushtumbnleort recaoniimlals.
6 The Foundations of Ornithology From Classical Times to the Renaissance 7
sntEwthvraeaerceynmgereersipnnroreatetlhmsweteohoknboitftes,ccaonhamfarweatieuednreatshonoutdoilvdshimseenittaserrvfi,vetoneatuultlrnoeeasuddste;hovioemgnnanowtdihinarnemaint,gshisastHutredepoykrrteiadhticomchsfleliefetnuvtesodwr,hyiaevtnhakivnteihniettdiheebfiousdrfd-en uddstuuonadiplyAnisrgmespahoafenrbeaniydtnautsuerfirasosetl;atrebssnlciubtsiulcheytihnncthgaiaescltlotwAehmdeartisphslaotreoecgtahalrtteeetienoaanntstatintedoviomfecnIolpodonntefeleycpadetshwpoiithetlimon.voeirncseomnoceepmahtterertinosthistaihtenselPfe.iaepxtooacnctiBchy so
animalwithout distaste;foreach and all will reveal to us something
^nciainvtuernaeltshse hiagnodfheessvotemrydetehigtnhgrinege.3tboeaautnifuel.nd aArebsteoncbeefooufndhaphinazNaartudre'sandcwoornksdu- buensTdhteetrrsitfeoaldlnowtdinoignengcotmhpasecseinrtubrieassithcepprrmiondasutcceeri'dsplesNnko.notothwilnpergdogpaegabtourstanedpigdooofncterfsiirn,sethw,anhdowiatthout
ihlbtiTltbF(nieoemielegeeaihrnogcredsaiamtseesrrneucttloshouhAgweeybrceftiu,saeathroiopttabyswwrbe)ltlblehaemidfer.pei,dtnarlaieepdsskwtedTwo,aseofeh,psorvarhaeunoelokdoarilmpyicmenpsnIctdrorgausiaaeetmtrnhruoahuiqcsiacntenufnignbhaipidsaedlytmrlotuetqwiplobhuawasnieeavdedfentruiteeowrpnieetnesemhfgdrnethf,Motatihmoecdlrsiasahlenheeste,atnvhttpttchhhebheeeahsare.eelevhoine.(iiugeoInonp'hdX.rcegdistgss?srtiFo);n,tceetaauhlarrrraantteeihep,decuaacadrrnsop,ldthososes\ti"ivthhnavhdheabncesaedeIyedtnpieotrantmethsahrhafiotusdmeemuoletefmsri(ehalamaolaeFsllrsmroe,fca.rnr;bmegmoeJlaaf)mefatroupueseaunrrsptetrhtsutp,iereeooapttaanpeosrdhesersiecbniraa,,thaaisisantarllwcidrcnohcaargttdcoeho-wiare-pn-nhoyidcf.hs bPuhkeceaaG\d"vaozanlnenclleloiioryluolyioessaclicnowgocttgtoeyyihodo.lkn\r"etmeaudmdgsbcnPoigtiilrliumivdnceandefii,aeudgsgHsnmlihetsletttiooyo.rbirnaEtina.cuvchhoueogtaiSrlmloHyocleteaugchwclhIsuieitntdnnevgartddtaenioeulrhtlantshtaemfuorercabwdsulsiiaptrstsetdf,oeghosiitretetrr(ihnfyeAositaset.st.rfr6DrvtocthtaaahafanC.iaitgbrinrcaneaoiiceLdptnlotbeengefrrr2uoiizemtshke3sbuyeui-tnewi7rgry9lphhehedu)adarna,idarsoncmavefridninietmtwduie,dcmctarhiahthshleteullcepioyssCosllwaotvcriiyhekafdtasoohraditorenferfrfouimdduedicsxrotdeenituinnucex,ertegteasaAcbndcyllteelthydarhorlepedeenctthsaxegosoatoslrmvneabefoenanoutonaonfttpturHrshrhedsdneottemeedmeeiaarirogdobltmlpeolfoilrfferoAfapghdeMnrnraoareysieainfnidstrldoss,loitrltrsmta3tahipyoinfna7tace,toatetllrres-p.et-
and Wintoht htoises.\d"4octrine of entelechyAristotleattemptedtomitigate the cweebofeuestbirwditshrounbdroadclawfsl,at cwlahewreass. all geese and sim\303\274ar water birds have
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