Organic Lasers : Fundamentals, Developments, and Applications PDF
Preview Organic Lasers : Fundamentals, Developments, and Applications
Organic Lasers Organic Lasers Fundamentals, Developments, and Applications edited by Marco Anni Sandro Lattante April13,2018 11:50 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Anni-Marco-prelims Publishedby PanStanfordPublishingPte.Ltd. PenthouseLevel,SuntecTower3 8TemasekBoulevard Singapore038988 Email:[email protected] Web:www.panstanford.com BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. OrganicLasers:Fundamentals,Developments,andApplications Copyright(cid:2)c 2018PanStanfordPublishingPte.Ltd. Allrightsreserved.Thisbook,orpartsthereof,maynotbereproducedinany form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recordingoranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystemnowknownorto beinvented,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not requiredfromthepublisher. ISBN978-981-4774-46-8(Hardcover) ISBN978-1-315-10233-7(eBook) April13,2018 11:50 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Anni-Marco-prelims Wededicatethisbooktoourbelovedfamilies: thankyouforyourstrongandaffectionate supportineverydayofourlife. Wealsodedicatethisbooktothepeople whocontributedtothegrowthofourlovefor scienceandphysicsandtothedevelopmentof thephysicscommunityofUniversita` delSalento, especiallytoProf.MarioLeoandtothememory ofProf.RaimondoAnniandProf.GiulioSoliani, whoseteachingandmessagesare acontinuousguideforus. April13,2018 11:50 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Anni-Marco-prelims May5,2018 10:11 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Anni-Marco-prelims Contents Preface xiii 1 BasicConceptsofStimulatedEmissionandLasingin OrganicMaterials 1 SandroLattante 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 ElectronicStructure 3 1.2.1 EnergeticLevels 3 1.2.2 PrimaryExcitations 4 1.2.3 ElectronicTransitionsandRelaxation Processes 5 1.3 StimulatedEmissionandLineNarrowing 7 1.4 OpticalGainMeasurement:ExperimentalSetup 11 1.5 AMoreDetailedAnalysisoftheVSLMethod 12 1.6 TwoKeyParameters:TheThresholdLengthand theSaturationLength 15 1.7 EffectsofWaveguidingintheVSLMethod 18 1.8 Conclusion 19 2 PhysicsBehindAmplifiedSpontaneousEmissioninOrganic ActiveWaveguides 23 MarcoAnni 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 WaveguideOperation 25 2.2.1 RayOptics 25 2.2.2 WaveOptics 30 2.3 UnderstandingtheIntrinsicGainPropertiesofan ActiveMaterialbyASEMeasurements 35 May5,2018 10:11 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Anni-Marco-prelims viii Contents 2.4 GainCrossSectionandASEThreshold:TheCaseof Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) 36 2.5 ASEDependenceontheWaveguideThickness 44 2.5.1 ASEThicknessDependenceinDiluted PolystyreneMatrix 46 2.5.2 ASEThicknessDependencein Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene)NeatFilms 49 2.6 ASEDependenceontheMoleculeAlignment 59 2.7 ASEDependenceontheFilmMorphology 61 2.7.1 MinimizationoftheAmplifiedSpontaneous EmissionThresholdbyOptimizationofthe Micromorphology 63 2.7.2 UnexpectedCompositionDependenceofthe ASEPropertiesofPolymer:Polymer Blends—TheCaseofPF8:F8BT 72 3 State-of-the-ArtActiveMaterialsforOrganicLasers 85 LuisCerda´n 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 Dyes 88 3.2.1 SyntheticMolecules 89 3.2.1.1 BODIPYs 89 3.2.1.2 Perylenediimides 94 3.2.1.3 Xhanthenes 97 3.2.1.4 Miscellanea 98 3.2.2 Biomolecules 98 3.3 MolecularSingleCrystals 100 3.3.1 OligomericCompounds 102 3.3.2 Non-oligomericMolecules 105 3.3.2.1 Excited-stateintramolecularproton transfer 106 3.4 MolecularGlasses 108 3.4.1 Linear,Branched,andSpiroCompounds 110 3.4.2 Star-ShapedOligomers 113 3.5 ConjugatedPolymers 115 3.5.1 Homopolymers 116 3.5.2 Copolymers 118 3.6 HybridCompounds 122 3.7 FinalRemarks 126 April13,2018 11:50 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Anni-Marco-prelims Contents ix 4 BasicPhysicsandRecentDevelopmentsofOrganic RandomLasers 151 IleniaViola,LucaLeuzzi,ClaudioConti,andNedaGhofraniha 4.1 Introduction 151 4.2 RandomLaser 152 4.2.1 Random-LaserMaterials 155 4.2.2 Applications 157 4.3 OrganicSemiconductorMaterialsinRandomLasers 158 4.4 PatterningOrganicCompoundsforRandomLasing 161 4.5 Thiophene-BasedCompounds:EngineeredRandom LasersandReplicaSymmetryBreaking 164 4.5.1 LithographedRandomLasers 164 4.5.2 IntensityFluctuationsinRandomLasers 170 4.6 BiocompatibleandBiologicallyInspiredRandom Lasers 174 5 Cavity–MatterInteractioninWeak-andStrong-Coupling Regime:FromWhiteOLEDstoOrganicPolaritonLasers 193 MarcoMazzeo,FabrizioMariano,ArmandoGenco, ClaudiaTriolo,andSalvatorePatane` 5.1 Light–MatterCoupling:ClassicalandQuantum Theory 195 5.1.1 AClassicalToyModel 195 5.1.2 OpticalResonators:TheCaseofOptical Microcavity 198 5.1.3 Cavity–ExcitonInteractionin Weak-CouplingRegime 201 5.1.4 QuantumDescriptionofStrongCoupling 203 5.1.5 StrongCouplingwithDamping 209 5.2 OrganicLight-EmittingDiodes:FromWeak-to Strong-CouplingRegime 211 5.2.1 OLEDinaCavity 211 5.2.2 Weak-CouplingInteractionforLighting Applications 213 5.2.3 ElectroluminescenceofOrganicMicrocavities inStrong-CouplingandUSCRegimes 220 5.3 TowardElectricallyPumpedOrganicLasers 228 5.3.1 OrganicLaserunderWeak-CouplingRegime 228
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