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Reference Series in Biomedical Engineering Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Series Editor: Heinz Redl Daniel Eberli · Sang Jin Lee Andreas Traweger Editors Organ Tissue Engineering Reference Series in Biomedical Engineering Tissue Engineering and Regeneration SeriesEditor HeinzRedl LudwigBoltzmannInstituteforExperimental andClinicalTraumatology,AUVAResearch CenterAustrianClusterforTissueRegeneration Wien,Austria This series Tissue Engineering and Regeneration consists of comprehensive refer- encetextsencompassingthebiologicalbasisoftissueregeneration,basicprinciples oftissueengineeringandthecurrentstate-of-the-artintissueengineeringofspecific tissues and organs. Each volume combines established fundamentals and the latest developments, thus forming an invaluable collection for both experienced researchers as well as practitioners from other areas of expertise. The spectrum of topics ranges from the use of cells for tissue regeneration and tissue engineering, growth factors and biological molecules affecting tissue development and regeneration, to the specific roles of biophysical factors in tissue development and regeneration. Tissueengineeringliesatthecrossroadsofmedicine,lifesciencesandengineer- ing. The field has developed extensively over the last two decades, addressing the requirementsoftissueandorganreplacementaswellasregenerationinavarietyof congenital, traumatic, disease and aging-related conditions, including some of the mostcriticalunmetchallengesinmodernmedicine.Bothourincreasedunderstand- ingofthebiologicalbasisoftissueengineeringaswellassignificanttechnological advancesmeanthatengineeringdesignprinciplescannowbeusedforthedenovo constructionoffunctionaltissuereplacementsthatmeettherequirementsofresearch andclinicalapplications. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/13441 (cid:129) Daniel Eberli Sang Jin Lee Andreas Traweger Editors Organ Tissue Engineering With61Figuresand28Tables Editors DanielEberli SangJinLee UniversitätsSpitalZürich InstituteforRegenerativeMedicine Zürich,Switzerland WakeForestUniversity WinstonSalem,NC,USA AndreasTraweger InstituteofTendonandBoneRegeneration ParacelsusMedicalUniversity Salzburg,Austria ISBN978-3-030-44210-1 ISBN978-3-030-44211-8(eBook) ISBN978-3-030-44212-5(printandelectronicbundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44211-8 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe editorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrors oromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaims inpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Tissue engineering may offer new treatment alternatives for organ replacement or repair of deteriorated organs. Among the many clinical applications of tissue engineering are the production of artificial skin for burn patients, tissue-engineered trachea, cartilage for knee-replacement procedures, urinary bladder replacement, urethrasubstitutes, andcellular therapies for thetreatment ofurinary incontinence. Thetissueengineeringapproachhasmajoradvantagesovertraditionalorgantrans- plantation and circumvents the problem of organ shortage. Tissues reconstructed from readily available biopsy material induce only minimal or no immunogenicity whenreimplantedinthepatient. ThisSpringerReference e-book onorgantissue engineering isaimed atanyone interestedintheapplicationoftissueengineeringindifferentorgansystems.Itoffers insights into a wide variety of state-of-the-art strategies applying the principles of tissueengineeringtotissueandorganregenerationandisthusintendedtobebothan introductory and deepening textbook for research and teaching. As this reference bookiscontinuouslyupdated,itwillreflectthelatestdevelopmentsandfindingsof bothbasicandclinicalresearchandwilldiscusscurrenttrends. v Contents PartI CirculatoryandRespiratorySystems ................... 1 BioinspiredVascularGrafts .................................. 3 DavidMiranda-Nieves,AmnieAshour,andElliotL.Chaikof HeartValveBioengineering .................................. 23 EmanuelaS.Fioretta,SarahE.Motta,EricK.N.Gähwiler, NikolaosPoulis,MaximilianY.Emmert,andSimonP.Hoerstrup CellSheetsforCardiacTissueEngineering ...................... 81 HidekazuSekine,JunHomma,andTatsuyaShimizu BioengineeringofTracheaandEsophagus ...................... 101 SoichiShibuya,NatalieDurkin,MatíasGarrido,PaolaBonfanti,and PaoloDeCoppi PartII DigestiveandExocrineSystems ...................... 141 LiverTissueEngineering .................................... 143 IrisPla-Palacín,NataliaSánchez-Romero,SaraMorini, DanielaRubio-Soto,andPedroM.Baptista BioprintingStrategiestoEngineerFunctionalSalivary GlandOrganoids .......................................... 173 ChristabellaAdineandJoãoFerreira Tissue-EngineeredThymus .................................. 195 GauriKulkarniandJohnD.Jackson PartIII ExcretoryandRespiratorySystems ................... 231 Tissue-EngineeredRenalTissue ............................... 233 DianaLim,AnthonyAtala,andJamesJ.Yoo EngineeringoftheBladderandUrethra ........................ 259 XianLinYi,DianaLim,AnthonyAtala,andJamesJ.Yoo vii viii Contents Tissue-EngineeredOvary .................................... 285 MonicaM.Laronda Tissue-EngineeredApproachesforPenileReconstruction ........... 315 HeungJaePark PartIV MusculoskeletalSystem ............................ 353 InjectableCalciumPhosphateCementsforthe Reconstruction/RepairofOralandCranio-maxillofacial BoneDefects:ClinicalOutcomeandPerspectives ................. 355 HongbingLiao,JanWillemHoekstra,JoopWolke,SanderLeeuwenburgh, andJohnJansen Tissue-EngineeredTeeth ..................................... 373 ZihanLi,WeiboZhang,andPamelaC.Yelick GenerationofEarCartilageforAuricularReconstruction .......... 405 YuLiuandYilinCao StemCell-BasedandTissueEngineeringApproachesforSkeletal MuscleRepair ............................................. 429 SerainaA.Domenig,AndrewS.Palmer,andOriBar-Nur LigamentTissueEngineering:TheAnteriorCruciateLigament ..... 489 ThomasNauandAndreasTeuschl MultiscaleMultifactorialApproachesforEngineering TendonSubstitutes ......................................... 507 AnaI.Gonçalves,MárciaT.Rodrigues,AnaM.Matos,HelenaAlmeida, ManuelGómez-Florit,RuiM.A.Domingues,andManuelaE.Gomes MeniscusRegenerationStrategies ............................. 531 JohannesZellnerandPeterAngele PartV OcularSystem .................................... 555 BioengineeredCorneasEnteringtheClinicalRealm ............... 557 VictorH.Hu,PushpinderKanda,KamalMalhotra,EmilioI.Alarcon, MiguelGonzalez-Andrades,MatthewBurton,andMayGriffith Index .................................................... 589 About the Editors DanielEberli UniversitätsSpitalZürich Zürich,Switzerland M.D., Ph.D., is a scientific physician working in the translational field of urologictissueengineering. He has a medical degree from the Medical School in Zurich, Switzerland, and a Ph.D. in molecular medicine from Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC. He has a faculty position in the Department of Urology at the UniversityHospitalZurich,wherehedevoteshalfofhis timetopatientcare.Togetherwithhisresearchteam,heis workingonnovelbiomaterialsforbladderreconstruction, improving autonomic innervation, cellular treatment of incontinence,andtrackingofstemcells. SangJinLee InstituteforRegenerativeMedicine WakeForestUniversity WinstonSalem,NC,USA SangJinLee,Ph.D.,iscurrentlyatenuredassociatepro- fessoratWakeForestInstituteforRegenerativeMedicine (WFIRM), Wake Forest School of Medicine. Dr. Lee receivedhisPh.D.inchemicalengineeringfromHanyang University,Seoul,Korea,in2003andtookapostdoctoral fellowshipintheLaboratoriesforTissueEngineeringand Cellular Therapeutics at Harvard Medical School and Children’sHospitalBostonandtheWFIRM,whereheis currentlyafacultymember.Heisalsocross-appointedto theVirginiaTech–WFUBiomedicalEngineeringandSci- ence.Dr.Leehasauthoredmorethan140scientificpub- lications and reviews, has edited 2 textbooks, and has written 34 chapters in several books. Dr. Lee has an ix x AbouttheEditors extensiveknowledgeandexperienceinbiomaterialssci- ence, especially, biodegradable polymers and tunable hydrogels, with specific training and expertise in key research areas for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. His research teamhas developed various bio- material systems that improve cellular interactions by providingappropriateenvironmentalcues.Thesebioma- terial systems consist of drug/protein delivery system, nano/micro-scaled topographical feature, and hybrid materialsthatcanactivelyparticipateinfunctionaltissue regeneration.Recently,histeamisutilizingautomated3D bioprinting technology to manufacture complex, multi- cellular living tissue constructs that mimic the structure ofnativetissues.Thiscanbeaccomplishedbyoptimizing theformulationofbiomaterialstoserveasbioinksfor3D bioprinting, and by providing the biological microenvi- ronment needed for the successful delivery of cells and biomaterialstodiscretelocationswithinthe3Dstructure. AndreasTraweger InstituteofTendonandBoneRegeneration ParacelsusMedicalUniversity Salzburg,Austria AndreasTrawegercurrentlyholdsaresearchprofessor- ship for regenerative biology at the Paracelsus Medical University in Salzburg, Austria. He received his Ph.D. in genetics from the University of Salzburg and com- pletedhispostdoctoraltrainingattheSamuelLunenfeld Research Institute in Toronto, Canada. He was then R&D manager at Baxter (Vienna, Austria) for 4 years beforejoiningParacelsusMedicalUniversity. His research is interdisciplinary in nature, focusing on both high-quality fundamental science and transla- tionforhumanhealth.Hisinterestslieinpromotingthe understanding of tendon biology in general and to devisenovelstrategiestoimprovetendonandligament healing. He has a considerable track record in the research area of tendinopathy, focusing on the role of neoangiogenesis and inflammatory processes in tendon health and disease. Further, he is co-founder of CelericonTherapeuticsGmbH(2018),abiotechstartup focusing on the use of MSC-derived extracellular vesi- clestoimprovetissueregeneration.