Oracle Solaris Admin..

348 Pages·2011·2.58 MB·English

by  Oracle Corporation

Oracle®SolarisAdministration:Common
Tasks
PartNo:821–1451–11
December2011
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Contents
Preface...................................................................................................................................................17
1 LocatingInformationAboutOracleSolarisCommands...............................................................23
SupportforFull-TextSearchingofManPages ................................................................................23
AboutOracleSolarisManPages........................................................................................................24
LocatingInformationinManPages..................................................................................................24
CreatingIndexFilestoEnabletheSearchingofManPagesforSpecificKeywords.............24
SearchingforInformationinManPagesbySpecifyingKeywords........................................25
FormatoftheManPageSections ......................................................................................................29
DescriptionoftheManPageSections .......................................................................................29
ManPageFormat .........................................................................................................................29
2 ManagingUserAccountsandGroups(Overview) .........................................................................33
What'sNewinUserAccountsandGroups? ....................................................................................33
RemovalofSupportforSolarisManagementConsole ...........................................................33
DefaultPasswordHashingAlgorithm ......................................................................................33
WhatAreUserAccountsandGroups?.............................................................................................34
UserAccountComponents ........................................................................................................34
GuidelinesforAssigningUserNames,UserIDs,andGroupIDs..........................................40
WhereUserAccountandGroupInformationIsStored ................................................................41
FieldsinthepasswdFile ..............................................................................................................41
DefaultpasswdFile ......................................................................................................................42
FieldsintheshadowFile ..............................................................................................................44
FieldsinthegroupFile ................................................................................................................44
DefaultgroupFile ........................................................................................................................44
Command-LineToolsforUserandGroupAccountManagement..............................................46
CustomizingaUser'sWorkEnvironment .......................................................................................47
3
Contents
UsingSiteInitializationFiles ......................................................................................................48
AvoidingLocalSystemReferences ............................................................................................48
ShellFeatures................................................................................................................................49
Bashandksh93ShellHistory .....................................................................................................49
Bashandksh93ShellEnvironmentVariables..........................................................................50
CustomizingtheBashShell ........................................................................................................53
AbouttheMANPATHEnvironmentVariable...............................................................................53
ThePATHVariable ........................................................................................................................53
LocaleVariables ...........................................................................................................................54
DefaultFilePermissions(umask) ...............................................................................................55
CustomizingaUserInitializationFile.......................................................................................56
3 ManagingUserAccountsandGroups(Tasks).................................................................................57
SettingUpandAdministeringUserAccounts(TaskMap) ...........................................................57
SettingUpUserAccounts ..................................................................................................................58
GatheringUserInformation.......................................................................................................59
▼HowtoCustomizeUserInitializationFiles ..............................................................................60
▼HowtoChangeAccountDefaultsForAllRoles ......................................................................60
▼HowtoAddaUser.......................................................................................................................61
▼HowtoDeleteaUser ...................................................................................................................62
▼HowtoAddaGroup....................................................................................................................63
▼HowtoShareHomeDirectoriesThatAreCreatedasZFSFileSystems...............................63
ManuallyMountingaUser'sHomeDirectory. ........................................................................64
4 BootingandShuttingDownanOracleSolarisSystem.................................................................67
What'sNewinBootingandShuttingDownaSystem? ..................................................................67
SupportforAdministrativelyProvideddriver.confFiles....................................................68
BitmappedConsole .....................................................................................................................69
BootandShutdownProgressAnimation .................................................................................69
FastReboot ...................................................................................................................................69
x86:RemovalofSupportfor32–BitKernel ..............................................................................70
BootingandShuttingDownanOracleSolarisSystem(Overview) ..............................................70
GRUBBasedBooting ..................................................................................................................71
ManagementofBootServicesbytheServiceManagementFacility......................................71
BootingaSystemtoaSpecifiedState(TaskMap) ...........................................................................72
4 OracleSolarisAdministration:CommonTasks • December2011
Contents
BootingaSystemtoaSpecifiedState(RunLevel)...........................................................................72
DeterminingaSystem'sCurrentRunLevel..............................................................................73
▼SPARC:HowtoBootaSystemtoaMultiuserState(RunLevel3).........................................73
▼x86:HowtoBootaSystemtoaSingle-UserState(RunLevelS)............................................74
ShuttingDownaSystem(TaskMap)................................................................................................76
ShuttingDownaSystem.....................................................................................................................76
▼HowtoShutDownaSystembyUsingtheshutdownCommand ..........................................76
BringingaSystemtoaShutdownState(RunLevel0)byUsingtheinitCommand .........78
▼HowtoShutDownaSystembyUsingtheinitCommand...................................................78
BootingaSystemFromtheNetwork ................................................................................................79
AcceleratingtheRebootProcess(TaskMap)...................................................................................80
AcceleratingtheRebootProcess........................................................................................................81
▼HowtoInitiateaFastRebootofaSPARCBasedSystem ........................................................81
▼HowtoInitiateaFastRebootofanx86BasedSystem.............................................................82
ChangingtheDefaultBehavioroftheFastRebootFeature....................................................82
InitiatingaStandardRebootofaSystemThatHasFastRebootEnabled .............................83
BootingFromaZFSBootEnvironment(TaskMap)......................................................................83
SPARC:BootingFromaZFSBootEnvironment............................................................................84
▼SPARC:HowtoDisplayaListofAvailableBootEnvironmentsDuringtheBoot
Sequence........................................................................................................................................85
▼SPARC:HowtoBootFromaZFSBootEnvironmentorRootFileSystem..........................85
ModifyingBootParameters(TaskMap) ..........................................................................................87
ModifyingBootParameters ...............................................................................................................88
▼SPARC:HowtoDeterminetheDefaultBootDevice ..............................................................89
▼SPARC:HowtoChangetheDefaultBootDevicebyUsingtheBootPROM.......................90
▼x86:HowtoModifyBootParametersbyUsingtheeepromCommand................................91
▼x86:HowtoModifyBootParametersatBootTime ................................................................92
AddingaLinuxEntrytotheGRUBMenuAfteranInstallation ............................................93
KeepingaSystemBootable(TaskMap) ...........................................................................................93
KeepingaSystemBootable.................................................................................................................94
DeterminingWhethertheboot-archiveSMFServiceIsRunning......................................94
▼HowtoClearaFailedAutomaticBootArchiveUpdatebyManuallyUpdatingtheBoot
Archive ..........................................................................................................................................95
▼x86:HowtoClearaFailedAutomaticBootArchiveUpdatebyUsingthe
auto-reboot-safeProperty......................................................................................................95
WheretoFindMoreInformationAboutBootingandShuttingDownaSystem........................96
5
Contents
5 WorkingWithOracleConfigurationManager................................................................................99
IntroductiontoOracleConfigurationManager..............................................................................99
ManagingOracleConfigurationManager(Tasks) .......................................................................100
▼HowtoEnabletheOracleConfigurationManagerService..................................................101
▼HowtoDisabletheOracleConfigurationManagerService.................................................101
▼HowtoManuallyRegisterWiththeOracleRepository........................................................101
▼HowtoChangetheTimeorFrequencyofDataCollection..................................................102
6 ManagingServices(Overview)........................................................................................................103
IntroductiontoSMF .........................................................................................................................103
SMFConcepts....................................................................................................................................104
SMFService ................................................................................................................................104
SMFDependencies ....................................................................................................................105
ServiceIdentifiers.......................................................................................................................105
ServiceStates...............................................................................................................................106
SMFManifests............................................................................................................................106
SMFProfiles................................................................................................................................107
ServiceConfigurationRepository............................................................................................107
SMFRepositoryBackups ..........................................................................................................108
SMFSnapshots ...........................................................................................................................109
SMFAdministrativeLayers ......................................................................................................109
SMFServiceErrorLogging.......................................................................................................110
SMFAdministrativeandProgrammingInterfaces.......................................................................110
SMFCommand-LineAdministrativeUtilities ......................................................................110
ServiceManagementConfigurationLibraryInterfaces........................................................111
SMFComponents .............................................................................................................................111
SMFMasterRestarterDaemon................................................................................................111
SMFDelegatedRestarters.........................................................................................................112
SMFPropertiesandPropertyGroups .....................................................................................112
ManagingInformationintheServiceConfigurationRepository ...............................................113
ViewingSMFInformation........................................................................................................113
ModifyingSMFInformation....................................................................................................113
DeletingSMFInformation .......................................................................................................114
SMFandBooting...............................................................................................................................114
SMFCompatibility............................................................................................................................115
6 OracleSolarisAdministration:CommonTasks • December2011
Contents
RunLevels ..........................................................................................................................................115
WhentoUseRunLevelsorMilestones...................................................................................116
DeterminingaSystem'sRunLevel...........................................................................................116
/etc/inittabFile.............................................................................................................................117
WhatHappensWhentheSystemIsBroughttoRunLevel3................................................118
7 ManagingServices(Tasks)...............................................................................................................119
MonitoringServices(TaskMap).....................................................................................................119
MonitoringSMFServices.................................................................................................................120
▼HowtoListtheStatusofaService............................................................................................120
▼HowtoListCustomizationsofaService.................................................................................121
▼HowtoShowWhichServicesAreDependentonaServiceInstance ..................................121
▼HowtoShowWhichServicesaServiceIsDependentOn ....................................................122
▼HowtoSetUpEmailNotificationofSMFTransitionEvents ..............................................122
ManagingSMFServices(TaskMap)...............................................................................................124
ManagingSMFServices....................................................................................................................125
UsingRBACRightsProfilesWithSMF...................................................................................125
▼HowtoDisableaServiceInstance............................................................................................125
▼HowtoEnableaServiceInstance.............................................................................................125
▼HowtoRestartaService............................................................................................................126
▼HowtoRestoreaServiceThatIsintheMaintenanceState ..................................................127
▼HowtoCreateanSMFProfile ..................................................................................................127
▼HowtoApplyanSMFProfile ...................................................................................................129
ConfiguringSMFServices(TaskMap)...........................................................................................129
ConfiguringSMFServices................................................................................................................129
▼HowtoModifyanSMFServiceProperty................................................................................130
▼HowtoModifyaServiceThatIsConfiguredbyaFile...........................................................130
▼HowtoChangeanEnvironmentVariableforaService........................................................131
▼HowtoChangeaPropertyforaninetdControlledService ................................................131
▼HowtoDeleteCustomizationsforaService...........................................................................133
▼HowtoModifyaCommand-LineArgumentforaninetdControlledService.................133
▼HowtoConvertinetd.confEntries.......................................................................................134
UsingRunControlScripts(TaskMap) ..........................................................................................135
UsingRunControlScripts ...............................................................................................................135
▼HowtoUseaRunControlScripttoStoporStartaLegacyService.....................................135
7
Contents
▼HowtoAddaRunControlScript............................................................................................136
▼HowtoDisableaRunControlScript ......................................................................................137
TroubleshootingtheServiceManagementFacility.......................................................................138
▼DebuggingaServiceThatIsNotStarting ...............................................................................138
▼HowtoRepairaCorruptRepository.......................................................................................138
▼HowtoBootWithoutStartingAnyServices ..........................................................................141
▼HowtoForceansuloginPromptIfthesystem/filesystem/local:defaultServiceFails
DuringBoot................................................................................................................................141
8 UsingtheFaultManager..................................................................................................................143
FaultManagementOverview...........................................................................................................143
NotificationofFaultsandDefects ...................................................................................................145
DisplayingInformationAboutFaultsorDefects ..........................................................................145
▼HowtoDisplayInformationAboutFaultyComponents .....................................................146
▼HowtoIdentifyWhichCPUsAreOffline ..............................................................................148
▼HowtoDisplayInformationAboutDefectiveServices ........................................................148
RepairingFaultsorDefects ..............................................................................................................149
fmadmreplacedCommand......................................................................................................150
fmadmrepairedCommand......................................................................................................150
fmadmacquitCommand ..........................................................................................................150
FaultManagementLogFiles ............................................................................................................151
FaultStatistics ....................................................................................................................................151
9 ManagingSystemInformation(Tasks)..........................................................................................153
What'sNewinDisplayingandChangingSystemInformation...................................................153
SupportforAdministrativelyProvideddriver.confFiles..................................................153
DisplayingSystemInformation(TaskMap)..................................................................................154
DisplayingSystemInformation.......................................................................................................155
▼HowtoDisplayaSystem'sReleaseInformation ....................................................................155
▼HowtoDisplayaSystem'sHostIDNumber ..........................................................................156
▼HowtoDisplayaSystem'sProductName ..............................................................................156
▼HowtoDisplayaSystem'sInstalledMemory.........................................................................156
▼HowtoDisplayDefaultandCustomizedPropertyValuesforaDevice .............................157
▼HowtoDisplaytheDateandTime..........................................................................................158
IdentifyingInformationAboutChipMultithreadingFeatures............................................158
8 OracleSolarisAdministration:CommonTasks • December2011
Contents
▼HowtoDisplayaSystem'sPhysicalProcessorType..............................................................158
▼HowtoDisplayaSystem'sLogicalProcessorType ...............................................................159
ChangingSystemInformation(TaskMap) ...................................................................................160
ChangingSystemInformation ........................................................................................................160
▼HowtoManuallySetaSystem'sDateandTime ....................................................................160
▼HowtoSetUpaMessage-Of-The-Day ...................................................................................161
▼HowtoChangeaSystem'sIdentity(nodename) .....................................................................162
10 ManagingSystemProcesses(Tasks) ..............................................................................................163
ManagingSystemProcesses(TaskMap)........................................................................................163
CommandsforManagingSystemProcesses .................................................................................164
UsingthepsCommand ............................................................................................................164
Usingthe/procFileSystemandCommands ........................................................................165
ManagingProcessesWithProcessCommands(/proc).......................................................166
▼HowtoListProcesses ................................................................................................................167
▼HowtoDisplayInformationAboutProcesses .......................................................................168
▼HowtoControlProcesses.........................................................................................................169
TerminatingaProcess(pkill,kill) ....................................................................................170
▼HowtoTerminateaProcess(pkill).......................................................................................170
▼HowtoTerminateaProcess(kill).........................................................................................171
DebuggingaProcess(pargs,preap) .......................................................................................172
ManagingProcessClassInformation(TaskMap) ........................................................................173
ManagingProcessClassInformation .............................................................................................173
ChangingtheSchedulingPriorityofProcesses(priocntl) .................................................174
▼HowtoDisplayBasicInformationAboutProcessClasses(priocntl) ..............................174
▼HowtoDisplaytheGlobalPriorityofaProcess.....................................................................175
▼HowtoDesignateaProcessPriority(priocntl)...................................................................176
▼HowtoChangeSchedulingParametersofaTimesharingProcess(priocntl).................177
▼HowtoChangetheClassofaProcess(priocntl).................................................................178
ChangingthePriorityofaTimesharingProcess(nice) .......................................................178
▼HowtoChangethePriorityofaProcess(nice).....................................................................179
TroubleshootingProblemsWithSystemProcesses......................................................................180
11 MonitoringSystemPerformance(Tasks) ......................................................................................181
WheretoFindSystemPerformanceTasks.....................................................................................181
9
Contents
SystemPerformanceandSystemResources ..................................................................................182
ProcessesandSystemPerformance.................................................................................................182
AboutMonitoringSystemPerformance ........................................................................................184
MonitoringTools.......................................................................................................................184
DisplayingSystemPerformanceInformation(TaskMap) ..........................................................185
DisplayingVirtualMemoryStatistics(vmstat) ............................................................................186
▼HowtoDisplayVirtualMemoryStatistics(vmstat).............................................................187
▼HowtoDisplaySystemEventInformation(vmstat-s)......................................................188
▼HowtoDisplaySwappingStatistics(vmstat-S) ..................................................................188
▼HowtoDisplayInterruptsPerDevice(vmstat-i) ..............................................................189
DisplayingDiskUtilizationInformation(iostat).......................................................................189
▼HowtoDisplayDiskUtilizationInformation(iostat) .......................................................190
▼HowtoDisplayExtendedDiskStatistics(iostat-xtc)......................................................191
DisplayingDiskSpaceStatistics(df) ..............................................................................................192
▼HowtoDisplayDiskSpaceInformation(df-k)...................................................................192
MonitoringSystemActivities(TaskMap) .....................................................................................193
MonitoringSystemActivities(sar) ................................................................................................195
▼HowtoCheckFileAccess(sar-a) .........................................................................................195
▼HowtoCheckBufferActivity(sar-b)...................................................................................196
▼HowtoCheckSystemCallStatistics(sar-c)........................................................................197
▼HowtoCheckDiskActivity(sar-d) .....................................................................................199
▼HowtoCheckPage-OutandMemory(sar-g) ....................................................................200
CheckingKernelMemoryAllocation......................................................................................201
▼HowtoCheckKernelMemoryAllocation(sar-k) .............................................................202
▼HowtoCheckInterprocessCommunication(sar-m) ........................................................203
▼HowtoCheckPage-InActivity(sar-p) ................................................................................204
▼HowtoCheckQueueActivity(sar-q)..................................................................................205
▼HowtoCheckUnusedMemory(sar-r)...............................................................................206
▼HowtoCheckCPUUtilization(sar-u)................................................................................207
▼HowtoCheckSystemTableStatus(sar-v)..........................................................................208
▼HowtoCheckSwappingActivity(sar-w) ............................................................................209
▼HowtoCheckTerminalActivity(sar-y) .............................................................................210
▼HowtoCheckOverallSystemPerformance(sar-A) ..........................................................211
CollectingSystemActivityDataAutomatically(sar) ..................................................................211
RunningthesadcCommandWhenBooting.........................................................................212
RunningthesadcCommandPeriodicallyWiththesa1Script...........................................212
10 OracleSolarisAdministration:CommonTasks • December2011