Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices: A Handbook of Assessment and Maintenance

343 Pages·2013·7.839 MB·English

by  Andrew J. Erickson, Peter T Weiss, John S Gulliver (auth.)

Andrew J. Erickson
Peter T. Weiss
John S. Gulliver
Optimizing Stormwater
Treatment Practices
A Handbook of
Assessment and Maintenance
Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices

Andrew J. Erickson (cid:129) Peter T. Weiss
John S. Gulliver
Optimizing Stormwater
Treatment Practices
A Handbook of Assessment
and Maintenance
AndrewJ.Erickson PeterT.Weiss
St.AnthonyFallsLaboratory DepartmentofCivilEngineering
UniversityofMinnesota ValparaisoUniversity
Minneapolis,MN,USA Valparaiso,IN,USA
JohnS.Gulliver
St.AnthonyFallsLaboratory
UniversityofMinnesota
Minneapolis,MN,USA
Additionalmaterialtothisbookcanbedownloadedfrom
http://extras.springer.com
ISBN978-1-4614-4623-1 ISBN978-1-4614-4624-8(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-4624-8
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012952529
#SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2013
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor
informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts
inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing
enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication
ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe
Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from
Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.
ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication,
neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityforanyerrorsor
omissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothe
materialcontainedherein.
Printedonacid-freepaper
Coverillustration:CoverImageofAlgalBlooms#StormwaterMaintenance,LLC,
www.SWMaintenance.com,reprintedwithpermission
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Preface
Thisbookisintendedtobearesourcetocost-effectivelyassesstheperformanceof,
andschedulemaintenancefor,stormwatertreatmentpractices.Maintenanceshould
never occur without an accurate assessment of the operating condition of a
stormwater treatment practice. Thus, this book first details how to assess the
performance of a stormwater treatment practice. It provides distinct levels of
standardized assessment methodology, in increasing cost and difficulty, from
which the user can select only those methods that are necessary. It also provides
instructions on how to successfully complete an assessment of a stormwater
treatment practice, including all required tasks, sample and data analysis, and
other items. Finally, the book provides detailed guidance on how to use the
informationgatheredduringassessmenttoselectandschedulethemostappropriate
maintenanceactions.
Themethodspresentedinthisbookwill:
• Helpusersselectcost-efficientassessmentmethods
• Helpusersdevelopanassessmentprogram
• Ensurethatanassessmentprogramyieldsmeaningfulresults
• Provideguidelinesforreportingresultsandschedulingmaintenance
• Allow for moremeaningfulcomparisonsbetweenassessmentandmaintenance
resultsofdifferentstormwatertreatmentpractices
The intended audience for this book includes engineers, planners, consultants,
watershed district personnel, municipal staff, and natural resource managers,
among others. Thus, case studies have been included, when possible, to provide
practicalexamplesrelatedtotheconceptsdiscussed.
Theresearchprojectthatprecededthisbookandledtothedevelopmentofmuch
of the material was funded by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency with
C. Bruce Wilson as project manager. The authors would like to thank Bruce and
allthestaffattheMinnesotaPollutionControlAgencyfortheirconfidenceinusto
deliver a quality product. Several partner projects that provided material for the
casestudieswerefundedbytheLocalRoadResearchBoardofMinnesota,Metro-
politan Council Environmental Services, Minnehaha Creek Watershed District,
Minnesota Department of Transportation, Mississippi Watershed Management
Organization, and the US Environmental Protection Agency. The authors wish to
v
vi Preface
thank many individuals and organizationsfor their contribution to the completion
of these projects which led to the development of this book: Brooke C. Asleson,
LawrenceA.Baker,WilliamR.Herb,RaymondM.Hozalski,OmidMohseni,John
L.Nieber,BruceN.Wilson,theUniversityofWisconsinExtension,Emmonsand
Olivier Resources, South Washington Watershed District, Ramsey-Washington
Metro Watershed District, Sarah M. Stai, Westwood Professional Services, Three
Rivers Park District, City of Blaine, and Wenck Associates, Inc. The authors
especially thank Brooke C. Asleson, Lawrence A. Baker, William R. Herb and
John L. Nieber for contributing materialthat led tothe development of this book.
TheauthorsalsothankBobNewportatUSEPARegion5forhiscontinualsupport
ofthiseffort.
Minneapolis,MN,USA AndrewJ.Erickson
Valparaiso,IN,USA PeterT.Weiss
Minneapolis,MN,USA JohnS.Gulliver
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 NeedforTreatment. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . 2
1.2 NeedforMaintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 MaintenanceChallengesandLimitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 AssessmentStrategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4.1 VisualInspection,Testing,andMonitoring. . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 NeedforThisBook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 AboutThisBook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 ImpactsandCompositionofUrbanStormwater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 ImpactsofUrbanStormwater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.1 FlowandChannelAlteration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.2 Nutrients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.3 Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.4 Chloride. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.5 BacteriaandViruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.6 Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.7 Oxygen-DemandingSubstances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.8 Hydrocarbons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2 CompositionofUrbanStormwater. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . 21
3 StormwaterTreatmentProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1 PhysicalProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1.1 Sedimentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1.2 Filtration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.3 Infiltration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.1.4 ThermalProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 BiologicalProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2.1 DegradationofOrganicMatter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2.2 Denitrification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2.3 PlantGrowthandNutrientUptake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3 ChemicalProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.3.1 Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.3.2 Phosphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
vii
viii Contents
4 StormwaterTreatmentPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.1 SedimentationPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.1.1 DryPonds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.1.2 WetPonds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.1.3 UndergroundSedimentationDevices. . . . . . . . . . .. . . 38
4.2 FiltrationPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.2.1 SurfaceSandFilters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.2.2 UndergroundSandFilters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.3 SoilFilters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 43
4.2.4 HybridFilters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2.5 EnhancedSandFilters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.3 InfiltrationPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.3.1 InfiltrationBasins. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 45
4.3.2 InfiltrationTrenches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.3.3 PermeablePavements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 46
4.4 BiologicallyEnhancedPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.4.1 BioretentionPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.4.2 BioinfiltrationPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.4.3 BiofiltrationPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.4.4 ConstructedWetlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.4.5 FilterStripsandSwales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5 VisualInspectionofStormwaterTreatmentPractices. . . . . . . . . 53
5.1 WhatIsVisualInspection?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.2 CommonVisualInspectionItems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.2.1 History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.2.2 Access. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . 56
5.2.3 InletandOutletStructures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.2.4 MulticomponentSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.2.5 WaterinthePractice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.2.6 IllicitDischarges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.2.7 ErosionandSedimentDeposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.2.8 SoilandVegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.2.9 LitterandDebris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.2.10 BanksorSidesofPractices. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . 64
5.3 VisualInspectionforSedimentationPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.3.1 WaterinthePractice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.3.2 ErosionandSedimentDeposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.3.3 SoilandVegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.3.4 DownstreamConditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.3.5 StructuralIntegrity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.4 VisualInspectionforFiltrationPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.4.1 WaterinthePractice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.4.2 ErosionandSedimentDeposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.4.3 DownstreamConditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.4.4 SoilandVegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Contents ix
5.5 VisualInspectionforInfiltrationPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.5.1 WaterinthePractice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.5.2 ErosionandSedimentDeposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.5.3 SoilandVegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.6 VisualInspectionforBiologicalPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.6.1 InletandOutletStructures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.6.2 WaterinthePractice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.6.3 SoilandVegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6 CapacityTestingofStormwaterTreatmentPractices. . . . . . . . . . 77
6.1 MeasuringSedimentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.1.1 MeasuringSedimentSurfaceElevations. . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.1.2 SchedulingMaintenance. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . 79
6.1.3 DryPonds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.1.4 WetPonds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.1.5 UndergroundSedimentationDevices. . . . . . . . . . .. . . 80
6.1.6 ConstructedWetlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.2 MeasuringInfiltration/Filtration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.2.1 MeasuringSaturatedHydraulicConductivity. . . . . . . . 82
6.2.2 DryPonds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.2.3 FiltrationPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.2.4 InfiltrationBasins. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 85
6.2.5 InfiltrationTrenches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.2.6 PermeablePavements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 86
6.2.7 BioretentionPractices(RainGardens). . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.2.8 FilterStripsandSwales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.3 CaseStudy:CapacityTestingofInfiltrationRates
ataBioinfiltrationPractice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.3.1 AssessmentGoals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.3.2 AssessmentTechniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.3.3 AssessmentResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.3.4 SchedulingMaintenance. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . 91
7 SyntheticRunoffTestingofStormwater
TreatmentPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.1 MeasuringSedimentRetention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
7.2 MeasuringInfiltration/FiltrationRate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
7.3 FindinganAdequateWaterSource. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7.4 DryPonds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7.4.1 DeterminingPollutantRemovalEfficiency. . . . . . . . . 102
7.5 WetPonds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7.6 UndergroundSedimentationDevices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.6.1 CaseStudy:SyntheticRunoffTesting
ofanUndergroundSedimentationDevice. . . . . . . . . . 105
7.7 FiltrationPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114