Optics Manufacturing: Components and Systems

326 Pages·2017·9.844 MB·English

by  Christoph Gerhard

Optics Manufacturing
Optical Sciences and Applications of Light
Series Editor
James C. Wyant
University of Arizona
Optics Manufacturing: Components and Systems, Christoph Gerhard
Femtosecond Laser Shaping: From Laboratory to Industry, Marcos Dantus
Photonics Modelling and Design, Slawomir Sujecki
Handbook of Optomechanical Engineering, Second Edition, Anees Ahmad
Lens Design: A Practical Guide, Haiyin Sun
Nanofabrication: Principles to Laboratory Practice, Andrew Sarangan
Blackbody Radiation: A History of Thermal Radiation Computational Aids
and Numerical Methods, Sean M. Stewart and R. Barry Johnson
High-Speed 3D Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques,
Song Zhang
Introduction to Optical Metrology, Rajpal S. Sirohi
Charged Particle Optics Theory: An Introduction, Timothy R. Groves
Nonlinear Optics: Principles and Applications, Karsten Rottwitt and
Peter Tidemand-Lichtenberg
Numerical Methods in Photonics, Andrei V. Lavrinenko, Jesper Lægsgaard,
Niels Gregersen, Frank Schmidt, and Thomas Søndergaard
Please visit our website www.crcpress.com for a full list of titles
Optical Sciences and Applications of Light
Series Editor
James C. Wyant
Optics Manufacturing
University of Arizona
Components and Systems
Optics Manufacturing: Components and Systems, Christoph Gerhard
Femtosecond Laser Shaping: From Laboratory to Industry, Marcos Dantus
Photonics Modelling and Design, Slawomir Sujecki
Handbook of Optomechanical Engineering, Second Edition, Anees Ahmad
Lens Design: A Practical Guide, Haiyin Sun
Nanofabrication: Principles to Laboratory Practice, Andrew Sarangan
Blackbody Radiation: A History of Thermal Radiation Computational Aids
and Numerical Methods, Sean M. Stewart and R. Barry Johnson Christoph Gerhard
High-Speed 3D Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques,
Song Zhang
Introduction to Optical Metrology, Rajpal S. Sirohi
Charged Particle Optics Theory: An Introduction, Timothy R. Groves
Nonlinear Optics: Principles and Applications, Karsten Rottwitt and
Peter Tidemand-Lichtenberg
Numerical Methods in Photonics, Andrei V. Lavrinenko, Jesper Lægsgaard,
Niels Gregersen, Frank Schmidt, and Thomas Søndergaard
Please visit our website www.crcpress.com for a full list of titles
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Gerhard, Christoph, 1977- author.
Title: Optics manufacturing : components and systems / Christoph Gerhard.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor &
Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic
division of T&F Informa, plc, [2017] | Series: Optical sciences and
applications of light | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017035810 | ISBN 9781498764599 (hardback : acid-free paper) |
ISBN 9781498764612 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Optical instruments--Design and construction.
Classification: LCC TS513 .G47 2017 | DDC 681/.4--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017035810
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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and the CRC Press Web site at
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Dedication
To Martina, Benjamin, and Philipp.

Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................xiii
Author ......................................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1
References ............................................................................................4
Chapter 2 Basics of Light Propagation .................................................................5
2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................5
2.2 Refraction ..................................................................................5
2.3 Reflection ...................................................................................6
2.4 Transmission and Absorption ....................................................9
2.5 Summary .................................................................................12
2.6 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations ..................12
References ..........................................................................................15
Chapter 3 Optical Materials ................................................................................17
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................17
3.2 Optical Glasses ........................................................................17
3.2.1 Composition of Optical Glasses .................................17
3.2.1.1 Network Formers ........................................18
3.2.1.2 Network Modifiers ......................................18
3.2.1.3 Stabilizers ...................................................19
3.2.1.4 Glass Families and Types ...........................19
3.2.1.5 Colored Glasses ..........................................21
3.2.2 Manufacturing of Optical Glasses .............................22
3.2.2.1 Manufacturing of Fused Silica ...................22
3.2.2.2 Classical Melting of Multicomponent
Glasses ........................................................23
3.2.3 Characterization of Optical Glasses ...........................29
3.2.3.1 Index of Refraction .....................................30
3.2.3.2 Dispersion Characteristics ..........................32
3.3 Glass Ceramics ........................................................................35
3.4 G radient Index Materials .........................................................36
3.5 C rystals ....................................................................................37
3.6 Summary .................................................................................38
3.7 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations ..................39
References ..........................................................................................42
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 4 Optical Components ...........................................................................43
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................43
4.2 Lenses ......................................................................................43
4.2.1 Spherical Lenses .........................................................43
4.2.2 Nonspherical Lenses ..................................................46
4.3 Prisms and Wedges ..................................................................48
4.3.1 Deflection Prisms .......................................................48
4.3.2 Dispersion Prisms .......................................................49
4.3.3 Polarization Prisms ....................................................50
4.3.4 Wedges .......................................................................51
4.4 Plates ........................................................................................52
4.5 Summary .................................................................................53
4.6 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations ..................53
References ..........................................................................................56
Chapter 5 Design of Optical Components ..........................................................57
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................57
5.2 Determination of Optical Components and Systems ..............57
5.3 Optical Aberrations .................................................................60
5.3.1 Spherical Aberration ..................................................60
5.3.2 Chromatic Aberration ................................................62
5.3.3 Coma ..........................................................................65
5.3.4 Astigmatism and Petzval Field Curvature .................65
5.3.5 Distortion ....................................................................66
5.3.6 Ghost Images ..............................................................67
5.4 Optimization ............................................................................68
5.5 Determination of Manufacturing Tolerances ..........................73
5.5.1 Sensitivity Analysis ....................................................74
5.5.2 Monte Carlo Simulation .............................................74
5.6 Summary .................................................................................77
5.7 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations ..................78
References ..........................................................................................84
Chapter 6 Tolerancing of Optical Components and Systems .............................85
6.1 Introduction .............................................................................85
6.2 Tolerancing of Optical Glasses ................................................85
6.2.1 Stress Birefringence ...................................................87
6.2.2 Bubbles and Inclusions ...............................................87
6.2.3 Inhomogeneity and Striae ..........................................88
6.2.4 Further Specifications ................................................90
6.2.4.1 Chemical Resistance and Stability .............90
6.2.4.2 Hardness and Grindability ..........................93
6.2.4.3 Thermodynamic Glass Properties ..............94
Contents ix
6.3 Fabrication Tolerances of Optics .............................................94
6.3.1 Contour Accuracy ......................................................95
6.3.2 Centering Error ........................................................101
6.3.3 Surface Cleanliness ..................................................102
6.3.4 Surface Roughness ...................................................104
6.3.5 Geometrical Variations ............................................107
6.3.6 Coatings ....................................................................108
6.4 S pecification of Laser-Induced Damage Threshold ..............108
6.5 T olerancing of Optomechanical Assemblies .........................111
6.6 S ummary ...............................................................................112
6.7 F ormulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations ................114
References ........................................................................................115
Chapter 7 Shape Forming .................................................................................117
7.1 Introduction ...........................................................................117
7.2 Preshaping .............................................................................117
7.2.1 Compression Molding of Pressed Blanks ................117
7.2.2 Cutting and Rounding ..............................................119
7.2.2.1 Cutting ......................................................119
7.2.2.2 Rounding ...................................................122
7.3 Rough Grinding of Lenses ....................................................124
7.3.1 Machines and Tools for Rough Grinding .................124
7.3.2 Rough Grinding Process ..........................................129
7.3.3 Roughing ..................................................................132
7.4 Finish Grinding .....................................................................135
7.4.1 Machines and Tools for Finish Grinding .................136
7.4.1.1 Bound Abrasive Grinding .........................136
7.4.1.2 Loose Abrasive Grinding..........................137
7.4.2 Finish Grinding Process ...........................................140
7.4.2.1 Bound Abrasive Grinding .........................141
7.4.2.2 Loose Abrasive Grinding..........................141
7.5 Flat Grinding .........................................................................145
7.6 Beveling .................................................................................147
7.7 Surface Testing ......................................................................148
7.8 Summary ...............................................................................152
7.9 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations ................152
References ........................................................................................155
Chapter 8 Polishing ...........................................................................................157
8.1 Introduction ...........................................................................157
8.2 Hypotheses of Polishing Processes .......................................158
8.2.1 Removal Hypothesis .................................................158
8.2.2 Flow Hypothesis .......................................................159
8.2.3 Chemical Hypothesis ...............................................159