Optically stimulated luminescence : fundamentals and applications

388 Pages·2009·5.257 MB·English

by  Eduardo G Yukihara, S W S McKeever

Optically Stimulated

Luminescence
FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS

EDUARDO G. YUKIHARA | STEPHEN W. S. McKEEVER

Optically Stimulated Luminescence

Optically Stimulated
Luminescence
Fundamentals and Applications
EDUARDO G. YUKIHARA
and
STEPHEN W. S. McKEEVER
PhysicsDepartment, OklahomaState University
Oklahoma,USA
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition first published 2011
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Yukihara,EduardoG.
Opticallystimulatedluminescence:fundamentalsandapplications/EduardoG.YukiharaandStephenW.S.
McKeever.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-69725-2(cloth)–ISBN978-0-470-97705-7(ePDF)–ISBN978-0-470-97706-4(ebook)
1.Opticallystimulatedluminescencedating. 2.Radiationdosimetry. I.McKeever,S.W.S.,1950– II.Title.
QE508.Y852011
535(cid:2).356–dc22
2010037269
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
PrintISBN: 978-0-470-69725-2
ePDFISBN: 978-0-470-97705-7
oBookISBN: 978-0-470-97706-4
ePubISBN: 978-0-470-97721-7
Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India.
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ToStefanie,mymusic,mysilence
ToJoanandourwonderfuldaughters,KatieandAlison.

Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Disclaimer xiv
ListofAcronyms xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 AShortHistoryofOpticallyStimulatedLuminescence 1
1.2 BriefDescriptionofSuccessfulApplications 7
1.2.1 Personal 7
1.2.2 Space 8
1.2.3 Medical 9
1.2.4 Security 10
1.3 TheFuture 10
2 TheoryandPracticalAspects 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 BasicAspectsoftheOSLPhenomenon 17
2.2.1 EnergyLevelsinPerfectCrystals 17
2.2.2 DefectsintheCrystal 18
2.2.3 ExcitationoftheCrystalbyIonizingRadiation 19
2.2.4 TrappingandRecombinationatDefectLevels 22
2.2.5 ThermalStimulationofTrappedCharges 24
2.2.6 OpticalStimulationofTrappedCharges 25
2.2.7 TheLuminescenceProcess 27
2.2.8 RateEquationsforOSLandTLProcesses 33
2.2.9 TemperatureDependenceoftheOSLSignal 40
2.2.10 OtherOSLModels 44
2.3 OSLReadout 47
2.3.1 BasicElementsofanOSLReader 47
2.3.2 StimulationModalities 48
2.4 Instrumentation 58
2.4.1 LightSources 59
2.4.2 LightDetectors 63
2.4.3 OpticalFilters 67
2.4.4 LightCollection 69
2.4.5 SampleHeaters 69
viii Contents
2.5 AvailableOSLReaders 70
2.5.1 ExperimentalArrangements 70
2.5.2 AutomatedResearchReaders 71
2.5.3 CommercialDosimetryReaders 73
2.5.4 OpticalFiberSystems 74
2.5.5 ImagingSystems 75
2.5.6 PortableOSLReaders 76
2.6 ComplementaryTechniques 76
2.6.1 OSLEmissionandStimulationSpectrum 76
2.6.2 LifetimeandTime-ResolvedOSLMeasurements 78
2.6.3 CorrelationsBetweenOSLandTL 78
2.6.4 OtherPhenomena 82
2.7 OverviewofOSLMaterials 82
2.7.1 ArtificialMaterials 85
2.7.2 NaturalMaterials 95
2.7.3 ElectronicComponents 98
2.7.4 OtherOSLMaterialsandMaterialNeeds 98
3 PersonalDosimetry 101
3.1 Introduction 101
3.2 QuantitiesofInterest 102
3.2.1 AbsorbedDoseandOtherPhysicalQuantities 103
3.2.2 ProtectionQuantities 108
3.2.3 OperationalQuantities 110
3.3 DosimetryConsiderations 111
3.3.1 Definitions 111
3.3.2 DoseCalculationAlgorithm 114
3.3.3 ReferenceCalibrationFieldsforPersonalandAreaDosimeters 118
3.3.4 UncertaintyAnalysisandExpressionofUncertainty 119
3.4 Detectors 123
3.4.1 GeneralCharacteristics 123
3.4.2 Al O :CDetectors 129
2 3
3.4.3 BeODetectors 140
3.5 DosimetrySystems 143
3.5.1 Luxel+DosimetrySystem 143
3.5.2 InLightDosimetrySystem 146
3.6 Neutron-SensitiveOSLDetectors 150
3.6.1 DevelopmentofNeutron-SensitiveOSLDetectors 151
3.6.2 PropertiesofOSLNDetectors 154
3.6.3 IonizationDensityEffects 157
4 SpaceDosimetry 163
4.1 Introduction 163
4.2 SpaceRadiationEnvironment 165
4.2.1 GalacticCosmicRays(GCR) 165
4.2.2 Earth’sRadiationBelts(ERB) 167