Optically Amplified WDM Networks

483 Pages·2010·8.12 MB·English

by  John Zyskind

Optically Amplified
WDM Networks
This page intentionally left blank
Optically Amplified
WDM Networks
John Zyskind
Atul Srivastava
AMSTERDAM(cid:1)BOSTON(cid:1)HEIDELBERG(cid:1)LONDON(cid:1)NEWYORK(cid:1)OXFORD
PARIS(cid:1)SANDIEGO(cid:1)SANFRANCISCO(cid:1)SINGAPORE(cid:1)SYDNEY(cid:1)TOKYO
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier
30CorporateDrive,Suite400,Burlington,MA01803,USA
525BStreet,Suite1900,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,USA
84Theobald’sRoad,LondonWC1X8RR,UK
Firstedition2011
Copyright(cid:1)2011ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorby
anymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwritten
permissionofthepublisher
PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRightsDepartmentinOxford,
UK:phone[phone];fax[phone];email:[email protected].
AlternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlinebyvisitingtheElsevierwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/
locate/permissions,andselectingObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN:978-0-12-374965-9
ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublicationsvisit
ourwebsiteatbooks.elsevier.com
PrintedandboundinUSA
111210987654321
Forthe lovingmemory ofmymother Maya,
and tomywife Sonali, daughter Srishtiand sister Sushma,withlove
- Atul Srivastava
Dedicated with love tothe memory ofmyfatherProfessor HaroldZyskind
-John Zyskind
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Foreword...................................................................................................................ix
Author Biographies...................................................................................................xi
CHAPTER 1 Optical Amplifiers for Next GenerationWDM Networks:
A PerspectiveandOverview.......................................................1
CHAPTER 2 ROADM-Based Networks...........................................................23
CHAPTER 3 Challenges and Opportunities inFuture High-Capacity
Optical Transmission Systems..................................................47
CHAPTER 4 EDFAs, Raman Amplifiers andHybrid Raman/EDFAs....................83
CHAPTER 5 Dynamicand Static GainChanges ofOptical Amplifiers
atROADM Nodes...................................................................117
CHAPTER 6 MasteringPowerTransientsdA Prerequisite
for Future Optical Networks....................................................155
CHAPTER 7 SpectralPower Fluctuations inDWDM Networks Caused
by Spectral-Hole Burning and Stimulated Raman Scattering.....201
CHAPTER 8 AmplifierIssuesfor PhysicalLayer Network Control................221
CHAPTER 9 Advanced AmplifierSchemes inLong-Haul
Undersea Systems.................................................................253
CHAPTER 10 Challenges for Long-haul and Ultra-long-haul
DynamicNetworks.................................................................277
CHAPTER 11 TransportSolutions for Optically Amplified Networks...............297
CHAPTER 12 Optical Amplifier for MaintenanceFriendly Fiber Networks.......341
CHAPTER 13 Low Cost Optical Amplifiers....................................................363
CHAPTER 14 SemiconductorOptical Amplifiers for Metro
and Access Networks............................................................387
CHAPTER 15 Market Trends for Optical Amplifiers.......................................417
Index......................................................................................................................445
vii
This page intentionally left blank
Foreword
Rod Alferness
Bell Labs,Alcatel-Lucent
The power of light, harnessed with an array of components to generate, modulate,
manipulate, and detect it, and supported by low-loss optical fiber for transmission
that ushered in a new era of information transmission systems in the 1970s, is an
incredible gift to mankind. One could have hardly expected more, butdalmost on
queuedtheinventionanddevelopmentoftheoptical amplifierinthelate’80sand
early’90scompletedthetechnologysuite,unleashingthefullpotentialandpowerof
optics for communication networks. The resulting cost-effective, robust, high-
capacity optical networks, together with packet-based data networks that ride over
them, enabled the world-wide web that has dramatically revolutionized our daily
lives.
TheglobalgrowthofWDM(wavelengthdivisionmultiplexing)opticalnetworks
over the last 10 years has been remarkable. While most optical networks are
generallynotdirectlyvisibletothetypicalconsumer,theveryvisibleinternetwould
beimpossiblewithoutthem.Spanningcontinents,crossingoceans,reachingacross
metropolitan areas and now also providing direct fiber to home connections,
commerciallydeployedopticaltransmissionsystemswithperfibercapacityashigh
asseveralTerabit/secprovidetheenablinghigh-capacityconnectivitythatunderpins
theworld-wideweb.Nolongersimplepoint-to-pointlinks,today’sopticalnetworks
are flexible, switchable wavelength routed networks, both ring and mesh, that
provide wavelength granular networked pipes inside the physical fiber with all-
opticalonandofframpsinmuchthewaytimeslotsareusedintime-division-based
transportnetworks.
None of this would be possible without the optical fiber amplifier. The optical
amplifier is truly a gift of nature that is as close to ideal as one could expect. It is
spectrally matched to fiber’s low-loss window and provides highly efficient,
broadband, low noise gain. Critical for its enabling of WDM, it has a temporal
responsethatallowsessentiallyunlimitedsignaldatarateswhileallowingmultiple
wavelengths to be amplified without cross-talk between independent communica-
tion signals carried byneighboring wavelengths.
The potential of WDM to tap the bandwidth of fiber, without requiring super-
high bit rates and the necessary enabling high-speed electronics, had been well
knownforsometime.But,WDMwasnotacost-effectivesolutionforhigh-capacity
systems as long as each wavelength channel had to be separated and regenerated
individually by a discrete electronic regenerator. However, the optical amplifier,
withitsabilitytoamplifymultiplewavelengthssimultaneously,firstandforemost,
madeDWDM(densewavelengthdivisionmultiplexing)thecost-effectiveapproach
tobuildingvery-high-capacityopticaltransmissionsystems.Thatcapabilityaloned
first demonstrated incommercial productsinthe mid-1990sdwas revolutionary.
ix