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Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications PDF

117 Pages·2001·2.82 MB·English
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Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10142.html Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications Committee on Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications Board on Army Science and Technology Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences National Research Council NATIONALACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10142.html NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by Contract No. DAAD 19-99-L-0052 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Department of Defense. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommenda- tions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number 0-309-07555-6 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001090219 Additional copies of this report are available from National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu Copyright 2001 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10142.html National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Engineering Institute of Medicine National Research Council The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meet- ing national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congres- sional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10142.html COMMITTEE ON OPPORTUNITIES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR FUTURE ARMY APPLICATIONS MICHAEL R. LADISCH, NAE, chair, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana ILHAN AKSAY, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey ERIC BAER, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio ROBERT R. BIRGE, University of Connecticut, Storrs ROGER BRENT, Molecular Sciences Institute, Berkeley, California SHEILA H. DEWITT, ArQule, Inc., Woburn, Massachusetts MAURO FERRARI, Ohio State University, Columbus CHRISTOPHER C. GREEN, General Motors, New Baltimore, Michigan NILE F. HARTMAN, Photonic Sensor Systems, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia PAUL E. LAIBINIS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge VERNE L. (LARRY) LYNN, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (retired), Williamsburg, Virginia M. ALLEN NORTHRUP, Cepheid, Inc., Sunnyvale, California THOMAS C. RANSOHOFF, TranXenoGen, Inc., Shrewsbury, Massachusetts DANIEL I.C. WANG, NAE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge JANET WESTPHELING, University of Georgia, Athens KENSALL D. WISE, NAE, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Board on Army Science and Technology Liaison KATHRYN V. LOGAN, Georgia Institute of Technology (retired), Roswell, Georgia JOHN H. MOXLEY III, IOM, Korn/Ferry International, Los Angeles, California MILLARD F. ROSE, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Huntsville, Alabama CLARENCE G. THORNTON, Army Research Laboratory (retired), Colts Neck, New Jersey National Materials Advisory Board Liaison MIKE JAFFE, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway National Research Council Staff ROBERT J. LOVE, Study Director JIM MYSKA, Research Associate GWEN ROBY, Senior Project Assistant LINDA VOSS, Technical Consultant iv Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10142.html BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY WILLIAM H. FORSTER, chair, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland RICHARD A. CONWAY, Union Carbide Corporation (retired), Charleston, West Virginia GILBERT F. DECKER, Walt Disney Imagineering, Glendale, California PATRICK F. FLYNN, NAE, Cummins Engine Company, Columbus, Indiana HENRY J. HATCH, NAE, U.S. Army (retired), Oakton, Virginia EDWARD J. HAUG, University of Iowa, Iowa City ROBERT J. HEASTON, Guidance and Control Information Analysis Center (retired), Chicago, Illinois GERALD R. IAFRATE, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana MIRIAM E. JOHN, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California DONALD R. KEITH, Cypress International, Alexandria, Virginia KATHRYN V. LOGAN, Georgia Institute of Technology (retired), Roswell, Georgia JOHN E. MILLER, Oracle Corporation, Reston, Virginia JOHN H. MOXLEY III, IOM, Korn/Ferry International, Los Angeles, California STEWART D. PERSONICK, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania MILLARD F. ROSE, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Huntsville, Alabama GEORGE T. SINGLEY, Hicks & Associates, McLean, Virginia CLARENCE G. THORNTON, Army Research Laboratory (retired), Colts Neck, New Jersey JOHN D. VENABLES, Martin Marietta Laboratory (retired), Towson, Maryland ALLEN C. WARD, Ward Synthesis, Inc., Ypsilanti, Michigan Staff BRUCE A. BRAUN, Director MICHAEL A. CLARKE, Associate Director BILL CAMPBELL, Administrative Coordinator CHRIS JONES, Financial Associate REBECCA LUCCHESE, Senior Project Assistant DEANNA SPARGER, Senior Project Assistant v Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10142.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10142.html Preface This report has been an extremely challenging endeavor. The committee examined the basis of new technologies First, the topic of biotechnology is so dynamic that new de- and the probabilities that they could have a future impact on velopments are being announced almost daily. Consider that Army capabilities. I believe the report also provides a valu- the impact of sequencing the human genome in 2000 has able snapshot of the nature of biotechnology and how its already translated into accelerated programs for development many facets can affect the Army. Although biotechnology of new medicines and of other useful molecules. I believe, is a “moving target,” actions can be taken to help track the as many others do, that biotechnology will continue to de- progression of new biological concepts that will lead to prod- velop at a rate that has not been seen since the birth of micro- ucts with the highest potential for Army use. processor-based personal computers. It was against this I wish to thank the committee members for their excellent backdrop of a rapidly changing science, and an even more efforts and the many hours they spent gathering, analyzing, rapidly changing translation of science into technology, that summarizing, and interpreting information, debating the the committee addressed the issues in this report. messages that this information contained, and assembling an Second, the scope of biotechnology is expanding so fast excellent product. that scientists and engineers have difficulty reconciling their I would also like to thank Mr. Robert Love, study direc- perceptions of what is and isn’t included; in fact, new and tor, for assembling the committee’s findings into this report. important subdisciplines with linkages to future technolo- His ability to coordinate the genesis and writing of this gies, such as proteomics, have just emerged in the last few multidisciplinary report was essential to the success of this years. A third challenge has been to prepare a report that project. His patience, dedicated effort, insights, and disci- could satisfy and be understood by an audience composed of plined approach are much appreciated. both generalists and specialists, as well as by those in the Army who must make the hard decisions on S&T priorities among all technology areas. Michael R. Ladisch, chair Committee on Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications vii Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10142.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10142.html Acknowledgments This report has been reviewed in draft form by individu- Larry Lehowicz, U.S. Army (retired), Quantum Research als chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical exper- International tise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Matthew S. Meselson, NAS, IOM, Harvard University Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent Mehmet Sarikaya, University of Washington review is to provide candid and critical comments that will Phillip A. Sharp, NAS, IOM, Massachusetts Institute of assist the institution in making its published report as sound Technology as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional Joseph F. Soukup, Science Applications International standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to Corporation the study charge. The review comments and draft manu- Although the reviewers listed above have provided many script remain confidential to protect the integrity of the de- constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked liberative process. We wish to thank the following individu- to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they als for their review of this report: see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by John C. Bailar, IOM, Univer- Claudia Benack, ENSCO, Inc. sity of Chicago. Appointed by the National Research Coun- Corale L. Brierley, NAE, Brierley Consultancy LLC cil, he was responsible for making certain that an indepen- R. John Collier, Harvard Medical School dent examination of this report was carried out in accordance Joseph M. Davie, IOM, Biogen, Inc. (retired) with institutional procedures and that all review comments Gary S. Fischman, University of Illinois at Chicago were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final con- David K. Gifford, Massachusetts Institute of Technology tent of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee John Halver, NAS, U.S. Army (retired) and the institution. ix Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10142.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

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