Operation Characteristics of Renewable Energy Sources PDF
Preview Operation Characteristics of Renewable Energy Sources
Green Energy and Technology Stanislav Misak Lukas Prokop Operation Characteristics of Renewable Energy Sources Green Energy and Technology More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059 Stanislav Misak Lukas Prokop (cid:129) Operation Characteristics of Renewable Energy Sources 123 Stanislav Misak Lukas Prokop VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava Ostrava, Poruba Ostrava, Poruba Czech Republic Czech Republic ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic) Green Energy andTechnology ISBN978-3-319-43411-7 ISBN978-3-319-43412-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43412-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016951973 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword The use of renewable energy sources has been known for many millennia; their importance,however,hasnotbeenfullyappreciateduntilthepresenttime.Although manyofusdonotlikeit,weareconsumingincreasinglymoreenergy.Theboomin industrialproductionandahighlivingstandardofpartofmankindbroughtalonga vast expansion of equipment using electricity. Today, the electricity and energy industryisthemostimportantsectoroftheglobaleconomy.Basically,itcanbesaid that we already cannot imagine any current human activity without a reliable functioningofthissector.Energyself-sufficiencyisdiscussedandaddressedatboth national and international levels, not only in our country. Today, the matter is rather political than technical or professional. It is often stated that the cheapest energy is the energy which is not produced (sorry, “law of conservation …”). However, theenergy shortageis more expensive. Increasinglyhigherdemandsofthesocietyonenergyconsumptionarereflected in our environment. Conventional sources of energy, particularly fossil fuel burn- ing, have a very negative impact on the environment; moreover, reserves of these important raw materials are not inexhaustible. It is believed that drives using combustion engines will be limited or will completely disappear in the future but the electric drive will remain. Therefore, it is necessary to look for new primary sources for electricity production. These sources may also include renewable energy sources although they will probably never be dominant. Renewableenergysourceshavealowerimpactontheenvironment.Withregard to the length of human life, the energy derived from these sources should be inexhaustible. The disadvantages of these sources include relatively small con- centration of usable energy, reduced possibility of energy accumulation and espe- cially the possibility of large power fluctuations at short time intervals. These drawbacks greatly increase the technological and consequently also economical productiondemands.Intermsoftheamountofenergysupplied,thesesourceswill always be rather complementary to traditional sources. v vi Foreword Themotivationforcompilingthispublicationwastopresenttheexperiencewith the previous operation of the two most topical renewable energy sources currently used in our country, the wind and photovoltaic power plants. Itbecomesclearthatbuildingasignificantamountofrenewableenergysources hasbroughtnotonlyeconomicandpoliticalproblemsbutalsotechnicalproblems. Whenstatingthis,Imeanthefluctuationsinelectricityproduction,unstablesupply fromrenewablesourcesandtheassociatedneedforregulationofenergynetworks, and the construction of systems suitable for electric energy accumulation. These plants, as any technical work, require operational reliability and safety. Therefore,itisnecessarytoensuregoodmaintenanceanddiagnosticsoffunctional properties of the power plants. This will reduce the spread of negative reports on their aggressive impacts on the nature. It should be appreciated that the authors present the results of their long-standing work and experience gained in building research centers as well as in practical realization of the hybrid system. Assoc. Prof. Karel Chmelík Preface Dearreaders,dearcolleagues,friends☺.Morethantenyearsago,asayoungteam (then) under the guidance of our mentors, mostly Assoc. Prof. Karel Chmelík, we gainedauniqueandunrepeatableopportunitytoparticipateinthedevelopmentand evolution of technologies for renewable electricity sources, first wind and then photovoltaic power plants, which were among the most dynamically emerging representatives of renewable sources.Underthe auspices ofthe researchprojectof Prof. Hradílek, we had theopportunity tobe atthebeginning ofthis development; as part of working trips, we gained valuable experience in the operation of these sourcesandfelttheatmosphereofdifferentlocations.However,thepossibilitytobe in contact with people, adventurers and main implementers, can be considered as particularly invaluable. At that time, these people were not guided solely by the prospectofprofitbutattracted bytheopportunitytobepioneersinthegiven field. They were not afraid to invest their valuable time and risk not only their invest- ments but also their health in promoting the development to the extent which was unusual for the situation in the Czech Republic. Also thanks to these people who enabledustoperformmanytime-consumingexperimentalmeasurements,wehave createdanextensivedatabaseofcharacteristicvaluesdescribingtheoperationofthe mentioned representatives of renewable sources, which we further utilized in the optimization of individual components or renewable sources as a whole. The main goal of our efforts was to find a balance between the requirements of the operators of these sources and requirements of the operators of the network receiving the power from these sources, all with a guaranteed minimum negative environmental impact. Over time, our team thus gained a lot of experience and knowledge, in both theoretical and mainly experimental area which can be iden- tified as particularly beneficial for the given field. We would like to share with you especially our experience in the area of practicalexperimentalmeasurements.Thisisabookthatdoesnotaspiretoreplace professional textbooks or other literature describing the general principles of selectedrepresentativesofrenewablesources;currently,thereareaplethoraofsuch publicationsinourcountryandelsewhereintheworld.Theaimofoureffortsisto make available information (hopefully interesting for you) from experimental vii viii Preface measurements of operating conditions, mainly in wind and photovoltaic power plants or their combinations, within long-term measurements and analyses of transient phenomena which accompany the operation of those sources, and thus complement the mosaic of related literature. Individual chapters are arranged chronologically,justastheindividualexperimentalmeasurementswerecarriedout, i.e. from the analysis of operation of wind power installations for different power and voltage levels, through the analysis of operation of photovoltaic power plants, to their mutual symbiosis in off-grid operation which is addressed in the final part of the book. To conclude this preface, we would like to thank again Assoc. Prof. Karel Chmelík for his leadership, his active participation in the measurements and the patiencewith whichhe shared withushis experience. Furthermore, we would like tothankProf.Hradílek,withintheresearchproject,heprovidedus,withatechnical and financial base for realizing experimental measurements as well as for building uniqueresearchtestingsites.Wethankalloperatorsofrenewablesourcesforaccess to their facilities where the experimental measurements were carried out. Last but not least, we appreciate our wives for their constant care and endless patience. Ostrava, Czech Republic Stanislav Misak Lukas Prokop Acknowledgment ThisbookwasconductedwithintheframeworkoftheprojectLO1404:Sustainable development of ENET Centre and Students Grant Competition project reg. No SP2016/177 and project reg. No SP2016/128. ix
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