Operating systems: design and implementation

1071 Pages·2006·3.474 MB·English

by  Andrew S Tanenbaum, Albert S Woodhull

OPERATING SYSTEMS
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
Third Edition
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OPERATING SYSTEMS
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
Third Edition
ANDREW S. TANENBAUM
Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
ALBERT S. WOODHULL
Amherst, Massachusetts
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Tanenbaum, Andrew S.
Operating Systems: Design and Implementation / Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Albert S. Woodhull. -- 3rd ed.
ISBN: 0-13-142938-8
1. Operating systems (Computers) I. Woodhull, Albert S. II. Title
QA76.76.O63T36 2006
005.4’3--dc22
Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J. Horton
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© 2006, 1997, 1987 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Pearson Education, Inc.
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To Suzanne, Barbara, Marvin, and the memory of Sweetie π andBram
- AST
To Barbara andGordon
- ASW
The MINIX 3Mascot
Other operating systems have an animal mascot, so we felt MINIX 3 ought to
have one too. We chose the raccoon because raccoons are small, cute, clever,
agile, eat bugs, and are user-friendly—at least if you keep your garbage can well
locked.
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CONTENTS
PREFACE xiv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1WHAT ISANOPERATING SYSTEM? 4
1.1.1TheOperating System asanExtended Machine 4
1.1.2TheOperating System asaResource Manager 5
1.2HISTORY OFOPERATING SYSTEMS 6
1.2.1TheFirst Generation (1945–55)Vacuum Tubes andPlugboards 7
1.2.2TheSecondGeneration (1955–65)Transistors andBatch Systems 7
1.2.3TheThirdGeneration (1965–1980)ICsandMultiprogramming 9
1.2.4TheFourthGeneration (1980–Present)Personal Computers 14
1.2.5HistoryofMINIX3 16
1.3OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS 19
1.3.1Processes 20
1.3.2Files 22
1.3.3TheShell 25
1.4SYSTEM CALLS 26
1.4.1System Calls forProcess Management 27
1.4.2System Calls forSignaling 31
1.4.3System Calls forFile Management 33
1.4.4System Calls forDirectory Management 38
1.4.5System Calls forProtection 40
1.4.6System Calls forTime Management 42
vii
viii CONTENTS
1.5OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE 42
1.5.1MonolithicSystems 42
1.5.2Layered Systems 45
1.5.3Virtual Machines 46
1.5.4Exokernels 49
1.5.5Client-Server Model 49
1.6OUTLINE OFTHE REST OFTHIS BOOK 51
1.7SUMMARY 51
2 PROCESSES 55
2.1INTRODUCTIONTOPROCESSES 55
2.1.1TheProcess Model 56
2.1.2Process Creation 57
2.1.3Process Termination 59
2.1.4Process Hierarchies 60
2.1.5Process States 60
2.1.6Implementation ofProcesses 62
2.1.7Threads 64
2.2INTERPROCESS COMMUNICATION
2.2.1RaceConditions 69
2.2.2CriticalSections 70
2.2.3Mutual Exclusion withBusyWaiting 71
2.2.4Sleep andWakeup 76
2.2.5Semaphores 78
2.2.6Mutexes 81
2.2.7Monitors 81
2.2.8Message Passing 85
2.3CLASSICAL IPCPROBLEMS 88
2.3.1TheDiningPhilosophersProblem 89
2.3.2TheReaders andWriters Problem 92
2.4SCHEDULING 93
2.4.1IntroductiontoScheduling 94
2.4.2Scheduling inBatch Systems 99
2.4.3Scheduling inInteractive Systems 102
2.4.4Scheduling inReal-Time Systems 109
2.4.5Policy versus Mechanism 110
2.4.6Thread Scheduling 110
CONTENTS ix
2.5OVERVIEW OFPROCESSES INMINIX 3 112
2.5.1TheInternal Structure ofMINIX3 112
2.5.2Process Management inMINIX3 116
2.5.3Interprocess Communication inMINIX3 120
2.5.4Process Scheduling inMINIX3 122
2.6IMPLEMENTATION OFPROCESSES INMINIX 3 125
2.6.1Organization oftheMINIX3Source Code 125
2.6.2CompilingandRunniingMINIX3 128
2.6.3TheCommonHeader Files 130
2.6.4TheMINIX3Header Files 138
2.6.5Process Data Structures andHeader Files 146
2.6.6Bootstrapping MINIX3 156
2.6.7System Initialization 160
2.6.8Interrupt Handling inMINIX3 167
2.6.9Interprocess Communication inMINIX3 178
2.6.10Scheduling inMINIX3 182
2.6.11Hardware-Dependent Kernel Support 185
2.6.12UtilitiesandtheKernel Library 190
2.7THE SYSTEM TASK INMINIX 3 192
2.7.1Overview oftheSystem Task 194
2.7.2Implementation oftheSystem Task 197
2.7.3Implementation oftheSystem Libarary 200
2.9THE CLOCK TASK INMINIX 3 204
2.8.1Clock Hardware 204
2.8.2Clock Software 206
2.8.3Overview oftheClock Driver inMINIX3 208
2.8.4Implementation oftheClock Driver inMINIX3 212
2.9SUMMARY 214
3 INPUT/OUTPUT 221
3.1PRINCIPLES OFI/OHARDWARE 222
3.1.1I/ODevices 223
3.1.2Device Controllers
3.1.3Memory-Mapped I/O 225
3.1.4Interrupts 226
3.1.5Direct Memory Access 227