Table Of Content

ptg11539634 OpenGL ® SuperBible Sixth Edition ptg11539634 OpenGL Series from Addison-Wesley ptg11539634 Visit informit.com/opengl for a complete list of available products. The OpenGL graphics system is a software interface to graphics hardware. (“GL” stands for “Graphics Library”.) It allows you to create interactive programs that produce color images of moving, three-dimensional objects. With OpenGL, you can control computer-graphics technology to produce realistic pictures, or ones that depart from reality in imaginative ways. The OpenGL Series from Addison-Wesley Professional comprises tutorial and reference books that help programmers gain a practical understanding of OpenGL standards, along with the insight needed to unlock OpenGL’s full potential. Make sure to connect with us! informit.com/socialconnect OpenGL ® SuperBible Sixth Edition Comprehensive Tutorial ptg11539634 and Reference Graham Sellers Richard S. Wright, Jr. Nicholas Haemel UpperSaddleRiver,NJ•Boston•Indianapolis•SanFrancisco NewYork•Toronto•Montreal•London•Munich•Paris•Madrid Capetown•Sydney•Tokyo•Singapore•MexicoCity Manyofthedesignationsusedbymanufacturersandsellerstodistinguishtheir Editor-in-Chief productsareclaimedastrademarks.Wherethosedesignationsappearinthis MarkL.Taub book,andthepublisherwasawareofatrademarkclaim,thedesignationshave beenprintedwithinitialcapitallettersorinallcapitals. ExecutiveEditor LauraLewin Theauthorsandpublisherhavetakencareinthepreparationofthisbook,but makenoexpressedorimpliedwarrantyofanykindandassumeno Development responsibilityforerrorsoromissions.Noliabilityisassumedforincidentalor Editor consequentialdamagesinconnectionwithorarisingoutoftheuseofthe SheriCain informationorprogramscontainedherein. ManagingEditor Thepublisheroffersexcellentdiscountsonthisbookwhenorderedinquantity JohnFuller forbulkpurchasesorspecialsales,whichmayincludeelectronicversions and/orcustomcoversandcontentparticulartoyourbusiness,traininggoals, marketingfocus,andbrandinginterests.Formoreinformation,pleasecontact: Full-Service Production U.S.CorporateandGovernmentSales Manager (800)382-3419 JulieB.Nahil [email protected] CopyEditor ForsalesoutsidetheUnitedStates,pleasecontact: TeresaD.Wilson ptg11539634 InternationalSales [email protected] Indexer LarrySweazey VisitusontheWeb:informit.com/aw Proofreader LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AndreaFox Wright,RichardS.,Jr.,1965-author. Technical OpenGLsuperBible:comprehensivetutorialandreference.—Sixthedition/ Reviewers GrahamSellers,RichardS.Wright,Jr.,NicholasHaemel. PiersDaniell pages cm DanielKoch Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. DanielRakos ISBN-13:978-0-321-90294-8(pbk.:alk.paper) ISBN-10:0-321-90294-7(pbk.:alk.paper) 1.Computergraphics.2.OpenGL. I.Sellers,Graham,author.II.Haemel, EditorialAssistant Nicholas,author.III.Title. OliviaBasegio T385.W7282013 006.6’8—dc23 Compositor 2013016852 LaurelTech Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc. Allrightsreserved.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Thispublicationis protectedbycopyright,andpermissionmustbeobtainedfromthepublisher priortoanyprohibitedreproduction,storageinaretrievalsystem,or transmissioninanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recording,orlikewise.Toobtainpermissiontousematerial fromthiswork,pleasesubmitawrittenrequesttoPearsonEducation,Inc., PermissionsDepartment,OneLakeStreet,UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey 07458,oryoumayfaxyourrequestto(201)236–3290. ISBN-13:978-0-321-90294-8 ISBN-10: 0-321-90294-7 TextprintedintheUnitedStatesonrecycledpaperatRRDonnelleyin Crawfordsville,Indiana. Firstprinting,July2013 For my family and my friends. For those from whom I have learned. For people who love to learn. —Graham Sellers For my wife LeeAnne, for not killing me in my sleep (when I deserved it). To the memory of Richard S. Wright, Sr. Thanks, Dad, for just letting me be a nerd. —Richard S. Wright, Jr. ptg11539634 For my wife, Anna, who has put up with all my engineering nonsense all these years and provided undying love and support. And to my parents for providing me with encouragement and more LEGOs than I could get both arms around. —Nicholas Haemel This page intentionally left blank ptg11539634 Contents Figures xv ptg11539634 Tables xxiii Listings xxv Foreword xxxiii Preface xxxv AboutThisBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv TheArchitectureoftheBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvi What’sNewinThisEdition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxviii HowtoBuildtheSamples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxix Errata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xl Acknowledgments xli About the Authors xlv I Foundations 1 1 Introduction 3 OpenGLandtheGraphicsPipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 TheOriginsandEvolutionofOpenGL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 CoreProﬁleOpenGL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Primitives,Pipelines,andPixels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 vii 2 Our First OpenGL Program 13 CreatingaSimpleApplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 UsingShaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 DrawingOurFirstTriangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3 Following the Pipeline 27 PassingDatatotheVertexShader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 VertexAttributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 PassingDatafromStagetoStage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 InterfaceBlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Tessellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 TessellationControlShaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 TheTessellationEngine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 TessellationEvaluationShaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 GeometryShaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 PrimitiveAssembly,Clipping,andRasterization . . . . . . . . . . . 38 ptg11539634 Clipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 ViewportTransformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Culling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Rasterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 FragmentShaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 FramebufferOperations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 PixelOperations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 ComputeShaders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4 Math for 3D Graphics 49 IsThistheDreadedMathChapter? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 ACrashCoursein3DGraphicsMath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Vectors,orWhichWayIsWhich? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 CommonVectorOperators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 MatrixConstructionandOperators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 UnderstandingTransformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 CoordinateSpacesinOpenGL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 CoordinateTransformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 ConcatenatingTransformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Quaternions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 TheModel-ViewTransform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 ProjectionTransformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 viii Contents Interpolation,Lines,Curves,andSplines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Splines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5 Data 91 Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 AllocatingMemoryusingBuffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 FillingandCopyingDatainBuffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 FeedingVertexShadersfromBuffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Uniforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 DefaultBlockUniforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 UniformBlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 UsingUniformstoTransformGeometry . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 ShaderStorageBlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 SynchronizingAccesstoMemory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 AtomicCounters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 SynchronizingAccesstoAtomicCounters . . . . . . . . . . . 137 ptg11539634 Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 CreatingandInitializingTextures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 TextureTargetsandTypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 ReadingfromTexturesinShaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 LoadingTexturesfromFiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 ControllingHowTextureDataIsRead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 ArrayTextures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 WritingtoTexturesinShaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 SynchronizingAccesstoImages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 TextureCompression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 TextureViews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 6 Shaders and Programs 187 LanguageOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 DataTypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Built-InFunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Compiling,Linking,andExaminingPrograms . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 GettingInformationfromtheCompiler . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 GettingInformationfromtheLinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 SeparatePrograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 ShaderSubroutines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 ProgramBinaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Contents ix