Open Design, a Stakeholder-oriented Approach in Architecture, Urban Planning, and Project Management: Volume 1 Research in Design Series (Research in Design) PDF
Preview Open Design, a Stakeholder-oriented Approach in Architecture, Urban Planning, and Project Management: Volume 1 Research in Design Series (Research in Design)
Open Design, a Stakeholder-oriented Approach in Architecture, Urban Planning, and Project Management ResearchinDesignSeries Volume1 ISSN1569-7258 PreviouslypublishedasseparatevolumesbyEburonPress,Delft: OpenDesign,aCollaborativeApproachtoArchitecture,2000 OpenDesign&ConstructManagement,Managingcomplexbuildingprojectsthroughsynthesis ofstakeholders’interests,2001 Open Design, a Stakeholder-oriented Approach in Architecture, Urban Planning, and Project Management collectingthefollowingworks: Open Design, a Collaborative Approach to Architecture Open Design and Construct Management Open Design, Cases and Exercises Ruud Binnekamp Lex A. van Gunsteren Peter-Paul van Loon incollaborationwith: PeterBarendse JeroenBurger ReinP.deGraaf CasperKrebbers ChairofComputerAidedDesignandPlanning FacultyofArchitecture DelftUniversityofTechnology IOSPress ©2006R.Binnekamp,L.A.vanGunsteren,P.P.vanLoon,andIOSPress Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem, or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutpriorpermissionfromthepublisher. ISBN1-58603-650-5 Coverdesign:GeertHermkens Authors’photograph:HansSchouten,FacultyofArchitecture,DelftUniversityofTechnology PublishedanddistributedbyIOSPressundertheimprintDelftUniversityPress Publisher&Distributor DistributorintheUSAandCanada IOSPress IOSPress,Inc. NieuweHemweg6b 4502RachaelManorDrive 1013BGAmsterdam Fairfax,VA22032 Netherlands USA fax:+31-20-6870019 fax:+1-703-3233668 email:[email protected] email:[email protected] www.iospress.nl www.iospress.com www.dupress.nl LEGALNOTICE Thepublisherisnotresponsiblefortheusewhichmightbemadeofthefollowinginformation. PRINTEDINTHENETHERLANDS Foreword This book is the third in a series of publications on Open Design. The first, Open Design: A Collaborative Approach to Architecture by Lex van Gunsteren andPeter-PaulvanLoon,openswiththequestion‘Why,sooften,dowebuild what no one wants?’ Considering that despite the accumulation of much knowledgeandtheidentificationofimportantbasicprinciplesthereisnothe- ory of design, it is perhaps not surprising that the outcome of design is not alwayssatisfactory. Designisacomplex,multi-facetedprocesswithmanyfactorscontributing to successes and failures. As in other fields, the Open Design group at Delft has identified the process of collaborative decision making in design as one of these key factors. A single designer contemplating a simple design prob- lem usually faces the difficult task of reconciling multiple conflicting goals whilelargeurbanplanningprojectsarenotsimpleandusuallyinvolvemul- tipleplayerswithconflictinggoalsinadditiontootherchallenges. Untilrecently,thescientificdisciplinethatdealswiththeseissues–decision theory, which in turn is based on the theory of measurement – had little to offer. Inthecaseofgroupdecisionmaking,i.e. thecaseofmultiplestakehold- ers or players, based on misinterpretations of the meaning of ‘Arrow’s Im- possibilityTheorem,’thisproblemhasbeencommonlyviewedasunsolvable. In contrast, in the case of a single decision maker with conflicting multiple criteria,theliteratureoffersabewilderingnumberofmethodologiesthatpro- ducecontradictoryresults. Sincetheirresultsarecontradictory,atleastsome of these methodologies cannot be correct but the literature offers little guid- anceonhowtoevaluatesuchmethodologiesbesidesnumericalcomparisons fromwhichnothingcanbelearnedexceptthattheyaredifferent. Eveninthe caseofasingledecisionmakerandasinglemeasurementattribute(orasingle evaluation criterion), none of the models of the classical theory of measure- mentproducescalesthatenabletheoperationsofadditionandmultiplication andevenelementaryvariablessuchaspositionofpointsonastraightlineis notmodelledcorrectly. Ratherthanfollowingtheclassicaltheoryofdecisionmaking,OpenDesign utilizes a sophisticated linear programming model to capture the elements of group decision making. The limitations of this linear model seem more acceptable than those of the tools of classical decision theory in view of the factthatrecentanalysisrevealsfoundationalproblemswiththeapplicationof mathematicaloperationstothesocialsciencesand,inparticular,withthethe- ory of measurement, decision theory, utility theory, game theory, economics andotherdisciplines. Anewtheorythataddressestheseissueshasbeende- velopedandthechallengesofintegratingitspracticalapplicationintodesign v vi Foreword arebeingstudiedbytheOpenDesigngroup. OpenDesignisasignificantcontributiontoarchitecturaldesignbutitsim- pact will be felt beyond its applications in this field. The challenge which thisbookaddressesistheintegrationofexistingandnewmethodologiesand tools from diverse fields such as management, negotiation, decision theory and preference modelling, linear and non-linear programming, simulation, risk assessment, regression analysis, and geometric modelling into a single coherentdesignmethodologythatsynthesizestechnicalandsocialaspectsof groupdesignandgroupdecisionmaking. Naturally,thedevelopmentofOpenDesignisanongoingundertaking. Al- though much progress has been made and Open Design is already a meth- odology of great value, undoubtedly it will continue to evolve. This book providesaviewofitscurrentstateandhintsofitsfuturedirection. JonathanBarzilai DalhousieUniversity Preface to the collected edition Thereisnosuchthingasafrozendesign ThisvolumecollectsthreeinterrelatedbooksonOpenDesign,thestakeholder- orientedapproachinArchitecture,UrbanPlanning,andProjectManagement asdevelopedbytheChairofComputerAidedDesignandPlanning,Faculty ofArchitecture,DelftUniversityofTechnology: 1. OpenDesign,aCollaborativeApproachtoArchitecture, byLexA.vanGunsterenandPeter-PaulvanLoon,secondrevisededi- tion(firstedition2000). 2. Open Design and Construct Management, Managing complex building pro- jectsthroughsynthesisofstakeholders’interests, byLexA.vanGunsterenandPeter-PaulvanLoon,secondrevisededi- tion(firstedition2001). 3. OpenDesign,CasesandExercises, by Ruud Binnekamp, Lex A. van Gunsteren, and Peter-Paul van Loon, firstedition. Thesebooksareinterrelatedbytheirstakeholder-orientedapproach, butcan be read independently. Open Design, Cases and Exercises enables the reader to become familiar with the decision-oriented design tools of Open Design, andtheirapplicationinpractice. ItincludesthelatestdevelopmentsinOpen Designmethodology. vii viii Preface Software Weassumethatthefollowingsoftwareisavailabletotheuser: • MicrosoftExcel • LindoSystemsWhat’sBest! add-onforExcel(demoversionobtainable fromwww.lindo.com) • AutodeskAutoCAD Thefollowingsoftwarecanbeobtainedviatheauthors’department: • MonteCarloInvestmentSimulation(MIS) • ProjectNetworkPlanningandRiskAssessment • PreferenceFunctionModelling Example(cid:28)les Manyofthefilesusedintheexamplesareavailabletothereaders,indicated asfollows: [(cid:13)example.xls]. Thesecanbedownloadedfromtheauthors’website: http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/users/binnekam/internet/od3/ Contact the Authors DelftUniversityofTechnology FacultyofArchitecture ChairofComputerAidedDesignandPlanning kab. 11.10 Berlageweg1 P.O.Box5043 NL-2628CRDelft NL-2600GADelft TheNetherlands TheNetherlands Telephone: +31152781697 Telefax: +31152781290 Email: [email protected],[email protected] Contents ForewordbyJonathanBarzilai v Prefacetothecollectededition vii Open Design, a Collaborative Approach to Architecture Preface 1 Introduction 5 1 ThePurposeofOpenDesign 9 2 ManagingtheOpenDesignProcess 19 3 ModellinginOpenDesign 27 4 Uncertaintyreductionandriskassessment 45 5 Howtodealwiththeoverabundanceofinformation 53 6 Howtodealwithqualityrequirements 57 7 Howtodealwithconflictingrequirementsinthemathematicalmodel 65 8 OpenDesignComputerTools 77 AppendixABehaviouraltheoryofArgyrisandSchön,asummary 83 AppendixBIndividualoptimumversuscollectiveoptimum,consequencesfor OpenDesign 89 Open Design and Construct Management Preface 99 Introduction 103 I Theory 107 1 Thepurposeofdesignandconstructmanagement 109 2 Designandconstructmanagementofsimpleprojects 113 3 Designandconstructmanagementofcomplexprojects 117 4 Consequences of applying best practices for simple projects to complex projectsandviceversa 121 II Cases 123 5 Validationthroughcases 125 6 RenovationoftheformerKLMheadofficeinTheHague 127 ix
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