Open Channel Hydraulics, River Hydraulic Structures and Fluvial Geomorphology: For Engineers, Geomorphologists and Physical Geographers PDF
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Open Channel Hydraulics, River Hydraulic Structures and Fluvial Geomorphology For Engineers, Geomorphologists and Physical Geographers Open Channel Hydraulics, River Hydraulic Structures and Fluvial Geomorphology For Engineers, Geomorphologists and Physical Geographers Editors Artur Radecki-Pawlik Institute of Structural Mechanics Faculty of Civil Engineering Cracow University of Technology Previously employed in: Department of Hydraulics Engineering and Geotechnic University of Agriculture in Krakow Poland Stefano Pagliara DESTEC – Department of Energy, Engineering, Systems, Land and Construction University of Pisa Italy Jan Hradecký Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology Faculty of Science University of Ostrava Czech Republic Associate Editor Erik Hendrickson Large Lakes Observatory (LLO) University of Minnesota-Duluth USA p, p, A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK Cover Illustrations Background Image: The Tara River in Montenegro—picture taken by Artur Radecki-Pawlik (editor of the book) Top image: Peterka type of ramp hydraulic structure on the Lubenka River in Southern Poland—Reproduced by kind courtesy of Karol Plesinski (author of Chapter 5) CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20170119 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-4799-8 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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(CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MVeArs i0o1n9 2D3a,t 9e7: 22800-711577000-6181340900. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment hInatse rbneaetnio anrarla Sntgaendd.ard Book Number-13: 997788--11--44998877--43709892--82 (Hardback) TTrhaisd ebmooakr kco Nnotatiinces :inPfroordmucatt ioorn c oobrtpaoirnaetde fnraomme asu mthaeyn bteic t arandde hmigahrklys roerg raergdiesdte sroeudr tcreasd. eRmeaasrokns,a abnled eafrfeo rutsse hda ovne lbye feonr imdeandtei ftioc aptuiobnli sahn dr eelxiapblalen dataitoan a wnidt hinoufotr imntaetniot nto, binuftr tihneg ea.uthor and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all materiLailb rreaprryo douf cCeodn ignr tehsiss Cpautbalilcoagtiinong‑ ainn‑dP aupbolliocgaitzieo nto D caotpayright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know sNo awme ems:a Lyi ure, cJitaifny (iCnh aenmy ifcuatlu erneg rienpereirn)t, .editor. | Jiang, San Ping, editor. Title: Mesoporous materials for advanced energy storage and conversion Except ast epcehrmnoiltotegdie su n/ dederit Uor.sS,. JCiaonp Lyiruig, Dhte pLaarwt,m neon tp aorf tC ohfe tmhiics abl oEonkg imneaeyr bineg r,eprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilizedF aicnu altnyy o ffo Srcmie bnyc ea annyd e Elencgtrinoeneicri, nmg,e Cchuarntiinca Ul,n oirv eortshiteyr, Pmeerathn,s ,W nAow, known or hereafter invented, includ- ing photoAcoupsytrianlgia, ,m Siacnr oPfiinlmg iJniagn, ga,n Fdu reelsc oarnddi nEgn,e orrg yin T aenchy ninofloorgmy Iantisotnit usttoe r&age or retrieval system, without written permissioDne fproarmtm theen tp oufb Clishheemrsi.cal Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia. For permDisessiocnri pttoi opnh: oBtooccao Rpya toorn , uFsLe : mCaRtCer Piarle sesl,e Tctaryolnoric &al Flyr afnrocmis Gthroisu pw, o2r0k1,7 .p |lease access www.copyright.com (http://wwSewr.iceosp: Ayr sigchietn.ccoem p/u)b olris choenrtsa bcot othke | CInocplyurdiegsh bt iCblleioagraranpche iCcaeln rteefre, rIenncc. e(CsCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923an, 9d7 i8n-d7e5x0.-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. FIdoer notrigfiaenrsiz: aLtCioCnNs t2h0a1t6 h0a4v2e5 b0e9e| nIS gBrNan 9te7d81 a4 9p8h7o4t7o9c9o8p y( hliacrednbsaec bk y: athlke. CpaCpCer, )a | separate system of payment has been aISrrBaNn g9e7d8.1498748018 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Electric batteries--Materials. | Fuel cells--Materials. | TrademaSrko lNaro cteiclles:- P-Mroadtuecrita olsr. c|o Mrpeosroaptoe rnoaums ems amtearyi ables .trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identificaCtiolans sainfidc aetxiopnla: nLaCtiCo nT wKi2t9h0o1u t. Min4te7n 2t0 t1o7 i |n DfrDinCge 6.21.31/24240284--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016042509 Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Visit the NTaaymloers :& L iFur, aJinacni s(C Wheemb sicitael eantgineer), editor. | Jiang, San Ping, editor. http://wwTwit.ltea:y Mloersaonpdofrroaunsc misa.ctoermials for advanced energy storage and conversion technologies / editors, Jian Liu, Department of Chemical Engineering, and the CRC Press Web site at Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, http://www.crcpress.com Australia, San Ping Jiang, Fuels and Energy Technology Institute & Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia. Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017. | Series: A science publishers book | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016042509| ISBN 9781498747998 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781498748018 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Electric batteries--Materials. | Fuel cells--Materials. | Solar cells--Materials. | Mesoporous materials. Classification: LCC TK2901 .M47 2017 | DDC 621.31/24240284--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016042509 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Preface One day, I was sitting in my office after giving a lecture to students for a course called “Integrated Watershed Management” I thought we have taught this course at the University of Agriculture in Cracow at the Environmental Faculty facility for our students and others from Erasmus for many years, but we do not have many teaching materials available for it. Also, we teach many other water resource courses about rivers, hydraulics, and fluvial processes; I was struck by the thought that maybe we could create a useful teaching material for our students by compiling information from all of these different water resource subjects at one place. While rivers are attractive and important enough by themselves, the question remained for me: How do we improve the materials for the course? Can we provide students with good informational material for a range of topics that would help me and other teachers/professors? I was then struck by another thought and a clear idea formed in my head: I need a good, well-written, and nicely presented textbook from very skilled specialists in water resource subjects from all over the world who have experience working in river catchments. I also wanted specialists who are as passionate, enthusiastic, and enjoy rivers and streams as much as I do. In the next couple of days following my new idea, I flew to Pisa, Italy (thankfully we have direct flights between Cracow and Pisa), where I met my colleague Stefano and told him about the textbook idea focused on streams, rivers, basics of hydraulics and fluvial geomorphology, river engineering, watershed management and other useful water resources subjects. Stefano liked the idea and the two of us decided we needed a good fluvial geomorphologist on board, so we called Jan (in Czech his name is Honza) from Ostrava, Czech Republic. Jan, as a dean of faculty and a very good professional in his field, immediately appreciated our idea about the textbook and agreed to work with us. Whilst identifying chapter authors we decided we needed a good professional language editor to work with us, a native speaker but familiar with this field. It was a difficult task to find somebody like this but then I remembered that during one of courses we run in Czorsztyn, Poland for students from the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point (our close friends from the United States, who have visited Poland for two week periods every summer for over 25 years), I had met Erik Hendrickson. I simply asked Erik for help, and after a short conversation, he agreed to help. He was a very big help! Thanks, Erik! Anyway—as I said—we need a good textbook on rivers, fluvial geomorphology, river engineering and hydraulics for our European students, but also for teachers and professors. Also, we hope the students we teach from the University of Wisconsin– Stevens Point will be happy with our input—in addition to students from other continents. We have needed a nice, professional textbook as a valuable tool for all who vi Open Channel Hydraulics, River Hydraulic Structures and Fluvial Geomorphology want to understand water issues and problems. Now you know how this book began, and now, fortunately, this book is in your hands! We invited brilliant specialists from around the world to work on this book. Nearly all continents are represented by these specialists here in this book. The people who contributed are world famous specialists in river-related problems, are enthusiastic and, very professional. Thank you, friends, for giving your time and for doing your best for our students, teachers, professors, and for the future of rivers. So, finally, we have a product which is directed to fluvial geomorphologists, hydraulic and river engineers, physical geographers, geophysicists, and water resource managers. We hope you appreciate the subjects in this book and that the book is useful for you. Once more, thank you to all the people who were involved in preparing this book. It is ready for classes, students, professors, and teachers. I believe we have created a very good textbook. So please, have fun and enjoy becoming a professional working with rivers, hydraulics, and in general, water resources. Artur Radecki-Pawlik Stefano Pagliara Jan Hradecký Erik Hendrickson Contents Preface v 1. Principles of Hydraulics of Open Channels 1 Stefano Pagliara and Michele Palermo 2. Hydraulics of Selected Hydraulic Structures 25 Hubert Chanson and Stefan Felder 3. Weir Classifications 47 Blake P. Tullis 4. Hydrodynamics of River Structures Constructed with 56 Natural Materials Kohji Michioku 5. Block Ramps: A Field Example 82 Karol Plesinski and Artur Radecki-Pawlik 6. Hydraulic Calculations for Fish Passes 98 Mokwa Marian and Tymiński Tomasz 7. River Embankments 133 Magdalena Borys, Eugeniusz Zawisza, Andrzej Gruchot and Krzysztof Chmielowski 8. Basics of River Flow Modelling 168 Tomasz Dysarz 9. Bed Shear Stresses and Bed Shear Velocities: 180 ubiquitous Variables in River Hydraulics Magdalena M. Mrokowska and Paweł M. Rowiński 10. Gene Expression Programming in Open Channel Hydraulics 196 Ahmed M. Abdel Sattar and Bahram Gharabaghi 11. Basics of Hydrology for Streams and Rivers 212 Agnieszka Cupak and Andrzej Wałęga 12.Selected Principles of Fluvial Geomorphology 241 Jan Hradecký and Václav Škarpich 13.On Measurements of Fluvial Geomorphology Parameters 259 in the Field Václav Škarpich viii Open Channel Hydraulics, River Hydraulic Structures and Fluvial Geomorphology 14. Geomorphology and Hydraulics of Steep Mountain Channels 269 Tomáš Galia 15. Slope Stability – Basic Information 280 Tymoteusz Zydroń, Anna Bucała-Hrabia, Andrzej T. Gruchot and Veronika Kapustova 16. Changes of Mountain River Channels and Their Environmental 303 Effects Elżbieta Gorczyca, Kazimierz Krzemień, Maciej Liro and Mateusz Sobucki 17. Sediment Transport and Channel Morphology: Implications 322 for Fish Habitat Marwan A. Hassan, Carles Ferrer-Boix, Piotr Cienciala and Shawn Chartrand 18.Understanding the Past of Rivers: Reading the History of Rivers 349 from Documents and Maps Francisco da Silva Costa, António Avelino Batista Vieira and António José Bento Gonçalves 19. Sediment Yield in Different Scales in a Semiarid Basin: The Case 375 of the Jaguaribe River, Brazil José Carlos de Araújo, Everton Alves Rodrigues Pinheiro, Pedro Henrique Augusto Medeiros, José Vidal de Figueiredo and Axel Bronstert 20. Application of Remote Sensing and the GIS in Interpretation of 388 River Geomorphic Response to Floods Milan Lehotský, Miloš Rusnák and Anna Kidová 21. Human Impact on Mountain Streams and Rivers 400 Joanna Korpak 22. Introduction to Floods: Analysis and Modelling 436 Fabian Rivera-Trejo, Juan Barajas-Fernández, Gabriel Soto-Cortés and Alejandro Mendoza-Reséndiz 23.Mountain Slopes Protection and Stabilization after Forest Fires 452 in Mediterranean Areas: Research Developed in Mountain Areas in Portugal António Avelino Batista Vieira, António José Bento Gonçalves, Francisco da Silva Costa, Luís Miguel da Vinha and Flora Carina Ferreira Leite 24. Ecohydrological Measures for Sustainable Catchment 477 Management—An Outline Maciej Zalewski Index 507 CHAPTER 1 Principles of Hydraulics of Open Channels Stefano Pagliara* and Michele Palermo IntroductIon Open channel flow can be classified according to the characteristics of the channel. Namely, open channel flow can occur both in natural streams and rivers and in artificial channels, such as drainage channel systems, sewer pipes, concrete/earth channels, etc. According to the geometry of the channel, the water discharge can flow either in prismatic channels (generally characterized by a constant transversal cross-section geometry and longitudinal slope) or in non-prismatic channels (natural streams or rivers, in which both the transversal cross-section geometry and longitudinal bed slope vary). Furthermore, channel bed characteristics also contribute to distinguish the open channel flows, due to the roughness conditions and erosive process, which can contribute to the modification of the channel geometry. In other words, the channel bed can be smooth, rough, erodible, fixed, etc. Therefore, the flow characteristics modify accordingly. In general, two main distinctions can be done according to the flow characteristics variation with time and along the channel (Chow 1959; Citrini and Noseda 1987; De Marchi 1986; Henderson 1966). Considering the flow characteristics along the channel, uniform flow conditions (UF) occur when the discharge Q, the water depth y and the average flow velocity u at every cross-section do not vary. Namely, at the generic cross- section (located at the longitudinal distance x respect to a selected reference system), the following conditions should be verified: ∂y ∂Q ∂u = = =0 (1) ∂x ∂x ∂x These analytical conditions occur only when the cross-section geometry do not vary. Therefore, if the water depth is constant, from Eq. (1) it can be easily deduced that the free surface should be parallel to the channel bed (see Fig. 1). DESTEC – Department of Energy, Engineering, Systems, Land and Construction, University of Pisa, Via Gabba 22, 56122, Pisa, Italy. E-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author: [email protected]
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