Ontology and the Lexicon: A Natural Language Processing Perspective

360 Pages·2010·4.24 MB·

by  Huang C., et al. (eds.)

Ontologyandthe Lexicon
The relation between ontologies and language is at the forefront of both natural
language processing (NLP) and knowledge engineering. Ontologies, as widely used
models in semantic technologies, have much in common with the lexicon. A lex-
icon organizes words as a conventional inventory of concepts, while an ontology
formalizes concepts and their logical relations. A shared lexicon is the prerequisite
forknowledge-sharingthroughlanguage,andasharedontologyistheprerequisitefor
knowledge-sharing through information technology. In building models of language,
computationallinguistsmustbeabletomapaccuratelytherelationsbetweenwordsand
theconceptsthattheycanbelinkedto.Thisbookfocusesontheintegrationoflexical
resourcesandsemantictechnologies.Itwillbeofinteresttoresearchersandgraduate
students in NLP, computational linguistics and knowledge engineering, as well as in
semantics,psycholinguistics,lexicologyandmorphology/syntax.
CHU-REN HUANG is Chair Professor in the Department of Chinese and Bilingual
StudiesattheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity,andResearchFellowattheInstitute
ofLinguistics,AcademiaSinicainTaiwan.
NICOLETTA CALZOLARI is Director of Research in Istituto di Linguistica Com-
putazionaleattheCNRinItaly.
ALDOGANGEMIisseniorresearcherattheInstituteofCognitiveScienceandTechnol-
ogyofCNR(Italy),andcoordinatoroftheSemanticTechnologyLab.
ALESSANDROLENCIisaresearcherintheDepartmentofLinguisticsattheUniversity
ofPisa.
ALESSANDROOLTRAMARIisaResearchFellowintheLaboratoryforAppliedOntol-
ogy, Institute of Cognitive Science and Technology at the Italian National Research
Council.
LAURENTPRÉVOTisanAssociateProfessorattheUniversitédeProvence.
StudiesinNaturalLanguageProcessing
SeriesEditor:
StevenBird,UniversityofMelbourne
EditorialBoardMembers:
Chu-RenHuang,TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversityand
AcademiaSinica
ChristopherManning,StanfordUniversity
YujiMatsumoto,NaraInstituteofScienceandTechnology
MaartendeRijke,UniversityofAmsterdam
HaroldSomers,DublinCityUniversity
SuzanneStevenson,UniversityofToronto
This series offers widely accessible accounts of the state-of-the-artin natural
languageprocessing(NLP).Establishedonthefoundationsofformallanguage
theory and statistical learning, NLP is burgeoning with the widespread use
of large annotated corpora, rich models of linguistic structure, and rigorous
evaluationmethods.Newmultilingualandmultimodallanguagetechnologies
have been stimulated by the growth of the web and pervasive computing
devices. The series strikes a balance between statistical versus symbolic
methods;deepversusshallowprocessing;rationalismversusempiricism;and
fundamental science versus engineering. Each volume sheds light on these
pervasive themes, delving into theoretical foundations and current applica-
tions. The series is aimed at a broad audience who are directly or indirectly
involvedinnaturallanguageprocessing,fromfieldsincludingcorpuslinguis-
tics, psycholinguistics, information retrieval, machine learning, spoken lan-
guage, human-computer interaction, robotics, language learning, ontologies,
anddatabases.
Alsointheseries
DouglasE.Appelt,PlanningEnglishSentences
Madeleine Bates and Ralph M. Weischedel (eds.), Challenges in Natural
LanguageProcessing
StevenBird,ComputationalPhonology
PeterBoschandRobvanderSandt,Focus
Pierette Bouillon and Federica Busa (eds.), Inheritance, Defaults and the
Lexicon
RonaldCole,JosephMariani,HansUszkoreit,GiovanniVarile,AnnieZaenen,
Antonio Zampolli, and Victor Zue (eds.), Survey of the State of the Art in
HumanLanguageTechnology
David R. Dowty, Lauri Karttunen, and Arnold M. Zwicky (eds.), Natural
LanguageParsing
RalphGrishman,ComputationalLinguistics
GraemeHirst,SemanticInterpretationandtheResolutionofAmbiguity
AndrásKornai,ExtendedFiniteStateModelsofLanguage
KathleenR.McKeown,TextGeneration
MarthaStonePalmer,SemanticProcessingforFiniteDomains
TerryPatten,SystemicTextGenerationasProblemSolving
EhudReiterandRobertDale,BuildingNaturalLanguageGenerationSystems
MannyRayner,DavidCarter,PieretteBouillon,VassilisDigalakis,andMatis
Wiren(eds.),TheSpokenLanguageTranslator
Michael Rosner and Roderick Johnson (eds.), Computational Lexical
Semantics
RichardSproat,AComputationalTheoryofWritingSystems
GeorgeAntonKiraz,ComputationalNonlinearMorphology
NicholasAsherandAlexLascarides,LogicsofConversation
MargaretMasterman(editedbyYorickWilks),Language,CohesionandForm
Walter Daelemans and Antal van den Bosch, Memory-based Language
Processing
Chu-Ren Huang, Nicoletta Calzolari, Aldo Gangemi, Alessandro Lenci,
Alessandro Oltramari, and Laurent Prévot (eds.), Ontology and the Lexicon:
ANaturalLanguageProcessingPerspective

Ontology and the Lexicon
A Natural Language Processing Perspective
Editedby
Chu-RenHuang
DepartmentofChineseandBilingualStudies
TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity
InstituteofLinguistics,AcademiaSinica
NicolettaCalzolari
IstitutodiLinguisticaComputazionaledelCNR,Italy
AldoGangemi
InstituteofCognitiveScienceandTechnology
ItalianNationalResearchCouncil
AlessandroLenci
DepartmentofLinguistics
UniversitádegliStudi,Pisa
AlessandroOltramari
InstituteofCognitiveScienceandTechnology
ItalianNationalResearchCouncil
LaurentPrévot
LaboratoireParoleetLangage
UniversitédeProvence,France
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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(cid:2)c CambridgeUniversityPress2010
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Contents
Contributors pagexi
Preface xvii
PartI Fundamentalaspects 1
1 Ontologyandthelexicon:amultidisciplinaryperspective 3
1.1 Situatingontologiesandlexicalresources 3
1.2 Thecontentofontologies 10
1.3 Theoreticalframeworkfortheontologies/lexicons
interface 14
1.4 Fromontologiestothelexiconandback 21
1.5 Outlineofchapters 23
2 Formal ontology as interlingua: the SUMO and WordNet
linkingprojectandglobalWordNet 25
2.1 WordNet 25
2.2 Principlesofconstructionofformalontologiesandlexicons 29
2.3 Mappings 30
2.4 Interpretinglanguage 32
2.5 GlobalWordNet 33
2.6 SUMOtranslationtemplates 35
3 InterfacingWordNetwithDOLCE:towardsOntoWordNet 36
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 WordNet’spreliminaryanalysis 37
3.3 TheDOLCEupperontology 39
3.4 MappingWordNetintoDOLCE 48
3.5 Conclusion 52
4 ReasoningovernaturallanguagetextbymeansofFrameNet
andontologies 53
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 AnintroductiontotheFrameNetlexicon 54
4.3 LinkingFrameNettoontologiesforreasoning 56
4.4 FormalizingFrameNetinOWLDL 57
4.5 ReasoningoverFrameNet-annotatedtext 62
4.6 LinkingFrameNettoSUMO 66
vii
viii Contents
4.7 Discussion 69
4.8 Conclusionandoutlook 70
5 Synergizingontologiesandthelexicon:aroadmap 72
5.1 Formalmappingsbetweenontologies 72
5.2 Evaluationofontolexresources 73
5.3 Bridgingdifferentlexicalmodelsandresources 75
5.4 Technologicalframework 77
PartII Discoveryandrepresentationofconceptualsystems 79
6 ExperimentsofontologyconstructionwithFormalConcept
Analysis 81
6.1 Introduction 81
6.2 Basicconceptsandrelatedwork 82
6.3 Datasetselectionanddesignofexperiments 86
6.4 Evaluationanddiscussion 92
6.5 Conclusionandfuturework 96
7 Ontology,lexicon,andfactrepositoryasleveragedto
interpreteventsofchange 98
7.1 Introduction 98
7.2 AsnapshotofOntoSem 100
7.3 Motivationforpursuingdeepanalysisofevents
ofchange 101
7.4 Increase 102
7.5 Contentdivorcedfromitsrendering 114
7.6 NLPwithreasoningandforreasoning 117
7.7 Conclusion 118
8 Hantology:conceptualsystemdiscoverybasedon
orthographicconvention 122
8.1 Introduction:hanziandconventionalizedconceptualization 122
8.2 Generalframework 126
8.3 Conceptualizationandclassificationoftheradicals
system 128
8.4 Theontologyofaradicalasasemanticsymbol 132
8.5 ThearchitectureofHantology 133
8.6 OWLencodingofHantology 137
8.7 Summary 139
8.8 Conclusion 142
9 What’sinaschema? 144
9.1 Introduction 144
9.2 Anontologyforcognitivelinguistics 146
9.3 Thec.DnSontology 148
9.4 Schemata,mentalspaces,andconstructions 161
9.5 Anembodiedsemioticmetamodel 166
9.6 ApplyingSemiontoFrameNetandrelatedresources 169
9.7 Conclusion 181
Contents ix
PartIII Interfacingontologiesandlexicalresources 183
10 Interfacingontologiesandlexicalresources 185
10.1 Introduction 185
10.2 Classifyingexperimentsinontologiesandlexicalresources 185
10.3 Ontologiesandtheirconstruction 188
10.4 Howactualresourcesfittheclassification 190
10.5 Twopracticalexamples 194
10.6 Availabletoolsfortheontologylexicalresourceinterface 196
10.7 Conclusion 200
11 Sinica BOW (Bilingual Ontological WordNet): integration
ofbilingualWordNetandSUMO 201
11.1 Backgroundandmotivation 201
11.2 ResourcesandstructurerequiredintheBOWapproach 202
11.3 Interfacingmultipleresources:alexicon-drivenapproach 204
11.4 Integrationofmultipleknowledgesources 207
11.5 Updatingandfutureimprovements 209
11.6 Conclusion 210
12 Ontology-basedsemanticlexicons:mappingbetweenterms
andobjectdescriptions 212
12.1 Introduction 212
12.2 Whyweneedsemanticlexicons 213
12.3 Moresemanticsthanweneed 215
12.4 Thesemanticsweneedisinontologies 218
12.5 Conclusion 223
13 Mergingglobalandspecializedlinguisticontologies 224
13.1 Introduction 224
13.2 Linguisticontologiesversusformalontologies 226
13.3 Specializedlinguisticontologies 229
13.4 Theplug-inapproach 230
13.5 Experiments 236
13.6 Applicationsandextensions 237
13.7 Conclusion 238
PartIV Learningandusingontologicalknowledge 239
14 Thelifecycleofknowledge 241
14.1 Introduction 241
14.2 UsingontolexicalknowledgeinNLP 242
14.3 CreatingontolexicalknowledgewithNLP 249
14.4 Conclusion 256
15 TheOmegaontology 258
15.1 Introduction 258
15.2 ConstituentsofOmega 258
15.3 StructureofOmega 260
15.4 ConstructionofOmegaviamerging 263