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Online Trolling and Its Perpetrators Online Trolling and Its Perpetrators Under the Cyberbridge Pnina Fichman Madelyn R. Sanfilippo ROWMAN&LITTLEFIELD Lanham•Boulder•NewYork•London PublishedbyRowman&Littlefield AwhollyownedsubsidiaryofTheRowman&LittlefieldPublishingGroup,Inc. 4501ForbesBoulevard,Suite200,Lanham,Maryland20706 www.rowman.com UnitA,WhitacreMews,26-34StannaryStreet,LondonSE114AB Copyright©2016byRowman&Littlefield Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformorbyany electronicormechanicalmeans,includinginformationstorageandretrievalsystems, withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher,exceptbyareviewerwhomayquote passagesinareview. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationInformationAvailable LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Fichman,Pnina,author.|Sanfilippo,MadelynR.,author. Title:Onlinetrollinganditsperpetrators:underthecyberbridge/PninaFichmanandMadelyn Sanfilippo. Description:Lanham:Rowman&Littlefield,[2016]|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2015045843(print)|LCCN2016004982(ebook)|ISBN9781442238503(cloth: alk.paper)|ISBN9781442238510(electronic) Subjects:LCSH:Onlinetrolling.|Onlineetiquette.|Internetusers—Psychology.|Internet—Social aspects. Classification:LCCTK5105.878.F532016(print)|LCCTK5105.878(ebook)|DDC302.23/1— dc23LCrecordavailableathttp://lccn.loc.gov/2015045843 TMThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmerican NationalStandardforInformationSciencesPermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibrary Materials,ANSI/NISOZ39.48-1992. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Contents ListofFigures vii ListofTables ix Acknowledgments xi 1 Introduction 1 2 WhatIsOnlineTrolling? 5 3 WhatMotivatesOnlineTrollingandItsPerpetrators? 23 4 OnlineEnablingFactorsforTrollingandDeviantBehaviors 49 5 AllTrollingIsNotEqual 65 6 GenderandOnlineTrolling 91 7 TrollinginContext 107 8 TrollingandCulture 139 9 RespondingtoOnlineTrolls 153 10 Conclusions 173 References 179 Index 193 AbouttheAuthors 203 v List of Figures Figure 2.1: Political trolls post sarcastic and pseudo-sincere messages abouttheirsexualandreproductivehealthtoRickPerry’sFacebookpage. Figure 4.1: White House official Jofi Joseph’s anonymous tweet mocks thecompetencyofSeniorAdviserValerieJarrett. Figure5.1:Perceptionsofthespectrumoftrollingbehaviorsandrelation- shipswithotheronlinebehaviors. Figure 6.1: Gender impact on the reaction to and perception of deviants’ behavior,motivation,andimpactononlinecommunities. Figure 6.2: Gender impact on the reaction to and perception of deviants’ behavior,motivation,andimpactononlinecommunities:Arevisedmodel. Figure7.1:RickrollingAgentZayne. Figure7.2:AmazonreviewoftheKingJamesBible. Figure7.3:PresidentGroverClevelandWikipediapage. Figure7.4:T.J.OshieWikipediapage. Figure7.5:TrollingRickPerry’sFacebookpage. Figure7.6:MarquettecallsoutWisconsinonTwitter. Figure7.7:Ideologicalprovocationinnewscomments. vii List of Tables Table2.1:WhatIsaTroll?HowIsTrollingPopularlyUnderstood? Table2.2:HowIsTrollingDefinedWithintheScholarlyLiterature? Table2.3:TypesofTrolls Table3.1:TypesofOnlineDeviantBehaviorsandTheirMotivations Table4.1:EffectiveInterventionMechanisms Table 5.1: How Would You Explain What a Troll Is to Someone Who Didn’tKnow? Table6.1:SummaryofHypothesesTesting Table6.2:MotivationsbyScenario Table7.1:CounterbalanceMethod ix