Oncologic Emergency Medicine: Principles and Practice

1004 Pages·2021·33.421 MB·English

by  Knox H. Todd

Knox H. Todd
Charles R. Thomas, Jr.
Kumar Alagappan
Editors
Oncologic Emergency
Medicine
Principles and Practice
Second Edition
123
Oncologic Emergency Medicine
Knox H. Todd • Charles R. Thomas, Jr.
Kumar Alagappan
Editors
Oncologic Emergency
Medicine
Principles and Practice
Second Edition
Editors
Knox H. Todd Charles R. Thomas, Jr.
Former Professor and Founding Chair (Retired) Professor and Chair
The University of Texas MD Anderson Department of Radiation Medicine
Cancer Center Knight Cancer Institute
Houston, TX Oregon Health & Science University
USA Portland, OR
USA
Kumar Alagappan
Professor and Chair
Department of Emergency Medicine
The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center
Houston, TX
USA
ISBN 978-3-030-67122-8 ISBN 978-3-030-67123-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67123-5
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
This book is dedicated to my wife, Courtenay Carmody, and my two sons,
Samuel and Benjamin, whose love and support bring great joy to my life
and purpose to my work.
In memory of my mother, Mary Kate Todd, who left us much too early.
–Knox H. Todd
To my supportive wife, Muriel Elleen; our wonderful two children, Julian
Franklin and Aurielle Marie; our parents; and siblings for their love and
support of my career path.
In memory of my mother, Ruth Marie Wilson Thomas, who fought gallantly
in the war against cancer and whose prayers have blessed me over the
past five decades.
–Charles R. Thomas Jr.
This book is dedicated to my wife, Bridget Shields, and my two daughters,
Lakshmi and Jyothi.
In memory of my father, Alagappa Alagappan PhD, an international civil
servant who traveled to 95 countries. He always felt that learning was a
treasure that would follow its owner everywhere.
–Kumar Alagappan
Foreword
This second edition of Oncologic Emergency Medicine: Principles and Practice has broad-
ened the scope of emergency care for the oncological patient and rightfully so. More patients
are living with cancer than ever before. Many cancer diagnoses are associated with greatly
extended lifespans. With greater lifespan, cancer survivors are also at risk of acquiring compli-
cations from their past medical, radiation, or surgical care, in addition to an underlying
cancer.
Today’s patient living with a current or prior cancer diagnosis lives within a network of
health care providers. The emergency physician and the oncologist must understand not only
the underlying pathophysiology of the disease and its treatment, but also appreciate how
patients present in distress and how care is optimized to meet the needs of the patient. Indeed,
while using best practice options, the team of health care providers personalizes each patient’s
treatment, stabilization, and recovery to optimize outcomes, seeking to match the expectations
of the patient and family.
In this edition, cancer prevention approaches are discussed. Emergency physicians must be
comfortable with cancer prevention approaches to minimize future risk for those living with
cancer. As in the first edition, the text provides cutting-edge information related to specific
oncologic conditions which may present in the emergency department. At times these condi-
tions may be the initial presentation of the cancer. Other times these conditions may represent
complications of therapy, disease progression, and/or secondary infection. Many of these con-
ditions require a time-dependent response to minimize additional morbidity or mortality. This
text provides unique information (including discussion of new immunologic therapies) that
may be covered only superficially by other books or articles in the field.
The palliative aspects of cancer care are also covered. The learning points covered in these
chapters are especially cogent in today’s changed world of opioid dependence and COVID-19.
Guidance is provided regarding the management of pain, communication about the diagnosis/
progression of cancer, and discussions regarding hospice and other related factors. These rep-
resent key components of doctoring which require great skill and understanding of the patient,
as well as the disease.
This edition also seeks to extend our understanding of health disparities and vulnerable
populations, international approaches to oncological emergencies, and other topics on the
cutting- edge cancer research, treatment, and management. The editors are to be congratulated
for extending their earlier work and both recognizing and anticipating the needs of care provid-
ers in oncologic emergency medicine. They have provided a powerful tool to enhance the care
provided to cancer patients.
Jerris R. Hedges, MD, MS, MMM
Professor & Dean, Barry & Virginia Weinman – Endowed Chair
John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii – Manoa
Former Interim Director, University of Hawaii Cancer Center
Honolulu, HI, USA
vii
Preface
It is with renewed excitement that we present the second edition of Oncologic Emergency
Medicine: Principles and Practice, the major comprehensive textbook in this emerging field.
Against the backdrop of rising numbers of cancer patients and survivors as the US population
ages, and of a forecast shortage of cancer care providers, this book is designed to serve as the
most authoritative, single-source clinical reference on oncologic emergencies. This compre-
hensive text was specifically designed to address the complexities of understanding and man-
aging cancer emergencies, with an emphasis on increasing communication and collaboration
between emergency physicians and the multiple providers who participate in caring for those
with cancer.
The expanded cadre of contributors to the second edition includes a broad spectrum of
experts in emergency medicine and nursing, surgical and medical oncology, hematology, diag-
nostic and interventional radiology, palliative care, psychiatry, critical care, dermatology, oph-
thalmology, clinical pharmacy, addiction psychology, social work, and health services research.
Emergency departments account for approximately one-half of all hospital admissions, and
this proportion is even greater for those with cancer. While the largest portion of the book
focuses on a number of clinical oncologic emergencies and their varied presentations to the
emergency department, this text offers the opportunity to address more broadly and systemati-
cally the vantage point of emergency physicians who work in a critical hub of patient care: the
emergency department. Emergency department visits resulting from disease progression as
well as toxicities of anticancer treatments serve as an important patient-oriented metric of
cancer care quality. This text emphasizes the critical importance of emergency department care
within a comprehensive cancer treatment system. The principles of care will be similar whether
the emergency department is in a dedicated clinical cancer care facility or a matrix care struc-
ture. The methods of executing best practices may differ based on the structure of the cancer
care system; however, the vast majority of emergency care for those with cancer is similar
across emergency department settings, whether in academic, community, or hybrid practice.
The text is structured to cover multiple fundamental areas of emergency care:
Part I is centered on systems issues in oncologic emergency medicine. We discuss the epi-
demiology of oncologic emergencies, existing models of emergency department care, infor-
matics, the evolving role of quality measures, patient navigation, and the importance of
emergency nursing and social work.
Part II considers the role of emergency medicine in primary and secondary cancer preven-
tion, including smoking cessation, alcohol exposure, ionizing radiation and cervical cancer
prevention and detection, as well as screening for lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and
melanoma.
Part III will seem perhaps the most familiar to readers and includes a discussion of the
evaluation and treatment of a variety of oncologic emergencies, organized by organ systems.
This section also covers specific conditions common to many cancer types, including febrile
neutropenia, thrombosis, and bleeding.
Part IV examines important issues related to treatment toxicity, including chemotoxicity,
radiotoxicity, and post-surgical complications, as well as transplant-related issues and toxici-
ties of novel antineoplastic agents such as checkpoint inhibitors and CAR T-cell therapy.
ix
x Preface
Part V addresses palliative care issues pertinent to the intersection of emergency medicine
and oncology. This section discusses end-of-life care, including the role of palliative surgery,
the management of symptoms in those with advanced cancer, approaches to opioid analgesic
use (and misuse), and the significance of emergency department use at the end of life.
Part VI deals with contextual issues critical to the subdiscipline of oncologic emergency
medicine. It incorporates a chapter on the challenges to emergency medicine and oncology
posed by COVID-19 and considerations of ethics, health disparities, and ongoing efforts to
advance research and education. Finally, we conclude with a chapter by physicians regarding
their personal experiences with cancer.
An added feature to this edition are board review questions accompanied by brief and con-
cise explanations of the answers.
The editors and associate editors are extremely proud of this second edition of Oncologic
Emergency Medicine: Principles and Practice and we wish to thank all of the contributors who
have given their time, insight, and experience to create a truly unique text that will serve as a
valuable resource for practitioners, researchers, policy makers, trainees, payors, and adminis-
trators, as we care for those with urgent cancer needs. We would like to give a special acknowl-
edgment to Ms. Katherine Kreilkamp of Springer for her efficient and diligent role in textbook
development. We are deeply indebted to her and to Springer for their support.
Mendoza, Argentina Knox H. Todd
Portland, OR, USA Charles R. Thomas Jr.
Houston, TX, USA Kumar Alagappan
Contents
Volume I
Part I Systems
1 Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Rebecca S. Lash, Janice F. Bell, and Sarah C. Reed
2 Models of Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Michael G. Purcell
3 Informatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
James P. Killeen, Christian J. Dameff, Jeremy S. Bass, Brian Khan,
Ammar Mandvi, and Nathan Yung
4 Quality Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Tracy E. Spinks and Michael G. Purcell
5 Patient Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
David C. Seaberg and Donald Norris II
6 Nursing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Petra Grami, Sorayah S. Bourenane, Danielle Milling, Karen McFarland,
Robert T. Drew, and Linda Koppy
7 Palliative Social Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Robin Rudy Lawson and Alison Snow
Part II Prevention
8 Tobacco Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Steven L. Bernstein
9 Problem Drinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Edouard Coupet Jr. and Federico E. Vaca
10 Ionizing Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Richard T. Griffey
11 Cervical Cancer Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
Natacha Phoolcharoen, Ellen S. Baker, and Mila Pontremoli Salcedo
12 Lung Cancer Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
Marcelo Sandoval
13 Colorectal Cancer Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Veronica Sikka, Raaj K. Popli, and Edward P. Cutolo Jr.
xi
xii Contents
14 Melanoma Screening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
Wei-Lynn Chong, Thomas M. Pitney, and Michael Sinnott
Part III E valuation and Treatment
15 Acute Airway Obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Christopher H. Chang and Lakshmi Mudambi
16 Central Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
Prashant Rai, Akhil Shivaprasad, Ivo W. Tremont-Lukats,
and Sudhakar Tummala
17 Pituitary Apoplexy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225
Daria Krivosheya and Ian E. McCutcheon
18 Spinal Cord Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Jayne M. Viets-Upchurch and Sorayah S. Bourenane
19 Head and Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247
Ray Y. Wang, Eugene L. Son, Clifton D. Fuller, and Neil D. Gross
20 Ophthalmic Emergencies in Cancer Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
Diana Chao, Mathieu F. Bakhoum, and Bita Esmaeli
21 Cardiovascular Oncologic Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269
Tarek Nafee, Dany Debs, Maria Isabel Camara Planek, Allison Zimmerman,
Tawanna Charlton, Michelle Dimza, Alexandra Murphy, Stephen Dobbin,
Ninian N. Lang, Sara Tyebally, Tarek Barbar, Syed S. Mahmood, Evelyn Horn,
Umberto Campia, Arjun K. Ghosh, Ki Park, Michael G. Fradley,
Rhian M. Touyz, Tochukwu M. Okwuosa, and Sherry-Ann Brown
22 Superior Vena Cava Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291
Thomas C. Williamson, David E. Manthey, and Leslie R. Ellis
23 Pulmonary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303
Nagendra Y. Madisi and Wissam Abouzgheib
24 Venous Thromboembolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317
Nicholas R. Pettit and Jeffrey A. Kline
25 Gastroenterology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327
Jessica X. Yu, Jennifer L. Maranki, Gene Bakis, and Brintha K. Enestvedt
26 The Acute Abdomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341
Linda Ferrari and Alessandro Fichera
27 Diarrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357
Sai-Ching Jim Yeung
28 Constipation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367
Demis N. Lipe
29 Endocrinology and Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
Sai-Ching Jim Yeung
30 Nephrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397
Amit Lahoti
31 Urology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
Shawn Dason, Cheryl T. Lee, and Ahmad Shabsigh
32 Gynecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425
Loise W. Wairiri, Tatjana Bozanovic, Tanja Pejovic, and Jenna M. Kahn