OKB Sukhoi. A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft

298 Pages·1996·125.97 MB·English

by  Vladimir Antonov

A HI.lory of Ih. D..lln Bur. u
and Ita Aircraft
A HISTORY
OF THE DESIGN BUREAU
AND ITS AIRCRAFT
VladimirAntonov, Yefim Gordon
NikolaiGordyukov, VladimirYakovlev
andVyacheslavZenkin
with LenoxCarruthandJayMiller
~
animprinlof
MIDLAND PUBLISHING
LIMITED
OKSSukhoi
AHistoryoftheDesignBureauanditsAircraft
©1996MidlandPUblishingLimited
ISBN 1857800125
Designconceptandlayout
©1996JayMillerandMidlandPublishingLimited
Thisfirsteditionpublished1996by
MidlandPublishingLimited
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Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,
storedinaretrievalsystemortransmitted,inany
formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,
photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthe
expresswrittenpermissionofthepublisherand Frontcoverphotograph:
copyrightholder. SukhoiT-10-1,theprototypeforwhathasbecome
Sukhoi'sbest-knownandmostsuccessfulfighterto
PrintedinHongKong date,theSu-27.PhotobySukhoiDesignBureau.
2
TheT10-1followingitsretirementtotheRussianAirForceMuseumatMonino.ThisaircraftwasthemostadvancedRussianfighterflyingatthetimeofits
late-1970sdebut.Thoughplaguedbyproblems,itwasneverthelessasucccessfu!designexercise...asitsSu-27offspringlaterattested.
CONTENTS
Preface 5
Acknowledgements 7
Authors'Notes 7
Chapters
1 TheMenofSukhoi 11
2 Sukhoi'sTupolevDesigns 16
3 Piston·EnginedAircraft 39
4 TheBeginningoftheJetAge 77
5 TheBureauisReborn 93
6 TheSwing-WingEra 153
7 AttackAircraft 175
8 ReconnaissanceAircraft 205
9 TheSU·27andSU·35 215
10 TheAerobaticAircraft 245
11 TheCommercialAircraft 257
12 ProjectsandtheFuture 265
Appendices
1 TestPilots 281
2 Weapons 282
3 ZhukovskyFlightTestCenter 287
Addenda 287
Index 288
ColorPortfolio 289
3
CockpitofaSukhoiSu-7BKL.TheSu-7BKLrepresentsoneofthemostsuccessfulfighterfamilieseverdeveloped.Productionofthisseries,
initsmanyvariationsupthroughtheSu-22,continuedfornearlythreedecades.
4
PREFACE
ThisisthesecondinaseriesofMidland hasdesigned and produced. The format, animageoffinancialstabilityandstrengthin
PublishinglAerofaxhistoriesofRussianair similartothatfoundinOKBMiG,ischrono anenvironmentthatisprovingallbutfatalto
craft design bureaus.OKB MIG, the first, logical,beginningwithSukhoi'sworkatthe many other former Russian aerospace
waspublishedduring1991. Tupolev Design Bureau and culminating giants.
PerhapsnotaswellknownintheWest withinsightsintoproductsthebureauhopes It is difficult, atthis time, to accurately
asMiG,Sukhoihasneverthelessproduced willcarryitintothe21stCentury. Readers predictSukhoi'sfuture placenotonlyonthe
aformidablearrayofattackandinterceptor willnotethatthepoliticsofRussianaircraft Russian national scene, but on the world
aircraftthatnowhasservedwiththevarious designappearfrequentlyand,inafirstfora scene, as well. The national and interna
Russianmilitaryaviationservicesfor over westernpublication,arefranklydiscussed. tional demand for super-sophisticated,
fivedecades. While much technical information can high-performance fighters continues to
Thebureau,namedforitsoriginalChief befoundinthetext,mostiscontainedinthe dwindle,andthecommercialandcivilmar
Designer,PavelOsipovichSukhoi,became manytablesthatfolloweachsection.These kets for aircraft in general remains
an independent entity during 1939. tablescontainthemostcomprehensiveand effectively glutted...so the future is not
Althoughhavingdesignedanattackaircraft accurate Sukhoi aircraft summaries ever bright.
(theSU-2)thatwas superiortomostofits published in English. An extensive index Regardless, Sukhoi, asexemplified by
peersduringthe early 1940s, Sukhoi was alsohasbeenprovidedwhichlistsaircraft, PavelSukhoi'sincrediblecome-backduring
hinderedinitsproductionbythegreatsuc personalities, locations, hardware, and theearly1950s,isnotacompanytogiveup
cesses of the extraordinary Ilyushin othersystems. Manyofthephotographs- easily.Itsknackforperseverenceislegend,
11-2...better known by its nickname of from official Sukhoi files--have never and its products are equally esteemed. It
Shturmovik. For various political reasons previouslybeenreleasedforpublication. canbesafelyassumedtheSukhoinamewill
toocomplextoreiteratehere, Sukhoi had The authors are proud to presentthis bearoundformanyyearstocome.
beenblackballedbythecountry'sdictatorial first,comprehensive,Englishlanguagehis Withthisinmind,wearepleasedtopre
leader,JosephStalin. Thisdisdaineventu toryoftheSukhoiDesignBureau. Thenew sentthisbookasatributetooneoftheleast
allyforced Sukhoitoclosehisbureauand spiritofopennessintheformerSovietUnion known, yetoneofthe mostsignificantair
work for others while waiting for a less has providedaccesstoinformationWhich, craft design bureaus in world aviation
oppressiveoperatingenvironment. untilrecently,wascloakedinaheavyveilof history...
TheSukhoi Design Bureauwasinfact secrecy. TheAuthors
miraculously reborn during the post-Stalin Asrecentlyasfiveyearsago,accessto
era.Itsubsequentlyproducedseveralsuc the information in this bookcould only be
SUKHOI'SHIERARCHYASOF1996:
cessful combat aircraft families, these dreamed of by westerners. Times have
culminating in the impressive and prece finallyledtoseriouschange,however,andit GeneralDesignerand
ChiefExecutiveOfficer--MikhailPetrovich
dent-setting Su-27...known in the West by is no longer unimaginable that Russia's Simonov
itsNATOcodenameofFlanker. deepestheldaviationsecretsmighteventu FirstDeputyGeneralDesigner-AlexanderF.
Today, aircraftsuch asthe Su-27hold allycometolight. Barkovsky
manyworld andclass records. The Su-27 Today, the Sukhoi Design Bureau, like Director,Manufacturer~-VladimirN.Avramenko
alone,underscoringthispoint,holdsnoless many corporate entities in Russia, is DeputyGeneralDesigners--NikolaiF.Nikitin;
than twenty-seven as of this writing. adverselyimpactedbytheon-goingpolitical AlekseiI.Knishev;BorisV.Aakitin(sportaviation
Additional record-attempts, using more andeconomicdifficultiesthathaveaffected projects);VladimirM.Korchagin(avionics);and
advancedversionsofthesamebasicplat the entire country. Sukhoi, however, AlexanderI.Blinov(strengthproblems)
form,areplanned. appearstobefairingbetterthanmost.Even Thefulltitleofthedesignbureaunowis:SUKHOI
ThisbookisbothahistoryoftheBureau inthesetimesofextremegovernmentaus DESIGNBUREAUAVIATIONSCIENTIFIC·INDUS·
andatechnicaloverviewofthehardwareit terity, SukhoicontinuestoprOVideatleast TRIALCOMPLEX
SukhoiT6-1prototypenowisdisplayedattheworld-renownedRussianAirForceMuseumatMonino,justoutsideMoscow. Downward-cantedwingtips,slab
sidedintakecheeksandfuselage,andunusualnosepitotandnoseantennaarrayarenoteworthy.
5
Sukhoi'sS-221prototypeservedastheinitialtestbedforanextendedSu-7familythatwouldextendproductionofthe
typeoveraperiodthatwouldspaninexcessofthreedecades.TheS-221wasbasedontheoriginalSU-7BM.
6
ACK OWLEDGEME TS
Theauthorswouldliketothankthefol tionsdescribingtheSu-24,Su-25,Su- Nasokin (Head of the Documentary Film
lowing individuals for assisting in the 27, T-4 aircraft and new civil Laboratory); YuriZhivchlkov(Headofthe
gatheringofinformationandphotographs conversion programs); Jim Photo Laboratory); Vladimir Mysin (color
forthisbook: Stevenson; Katsuhiko Tokunaga; print photographer); Georgy Vyurkov
Most importantly, Sukhoi Design Vyacheslav Zenkin (of Sukhoi, who co (color print photographer); Yuri Neverov
Bureau President and General contributed the sections describing the (photos and drawings); Valeri Suslov
Designer Mikhail Simonov; without Su-7, Su-17,T-1, T-3, Su-15, Su-24, Su (blackandwhiteprintphotographer);and
hisblessing and permission, this pro 25, SU-27, T-4 aircraft and new civil AnatolyMorgunov(designer).
ject could not possibly have come to conversionprograms). A special acknowledgement also
fruition. Twomen playedaspecial role inthis should be given to the AviaData transla
Other contributors of significance project: VladimirYakovlev who wrote the tors: RaisaShiyanova; Yuri Dimidov (and
include Boris Rybak, Vladimir sections describing the history of the hissmallsub-teambasedinZvezdnyCity);
Antonov (of Sukhoi, who co-con Design Bureau and who also wrote the PVO Col. Gennady Lanovsky; Vladimir
tributed the sections for the Su-24, biographiesofcompanyprinciplesinclud Sazonkin (the youngest member of the
SU-25,SU-27,andT-4aircraftandthe ing Pavel Sukhoi and Yefim Gordon--a AviaDatateam);AlexandreVelovich(who
various new civil conversion pro co-authorofthiswork--whoalsoplayeda read through and edited the English lan
grams);CostasCavathasand Faithon keyroleincoordinatingthedevelopmentof guagetextsontheSu-26andSU-27);and
Karaiossifidis of PTISI Magazine; the text and providing a large numberof Alexey Zakharov who proved indispensi
Nikolay Gordyukov (of Sukhoi, who excellent and rare photographs from his bleinthefinaltranslationfrom Russianto
contributedthesectionsdescribingall extensivepersonalcollection. English.
piston-engined aircraft and the first Other engineers from Sukhoi who Finally, special thanks to Irina
generation of Sukhoi jets built up to made noteworthy contributions include Minayeva for combining what originally
1949, as well as all sport aircraft); Vladimir Barkovsky; Nikolay Venediktov; wastwomammothmanuscriptsandmak
Reuben Johnson (who contributed Michael Guschin; Sergey Glazunov; ingthemintoone;andtoAlexeyRybak.
several translations and provided Sergey Yelisiratov; Vladimir Moskalenko; U.S.contributorsJayMillerandLenox
other miscellaneous information); Alexander Pimenov; Oleg Kazmin; Carruth would like also to acknowledge
Tony Landis; Neil Lewis of Midland Valentin Simonov; Lyudmila Gavrilova; their ever-patient families: for Lenox,
Publishing Ltd.; Richard Pawloski; andGalinalI'ina. thanksgotoKaren,Kim,Tracy,andAndy;
Chris Pocock; Pavel Plunsky (of Othersfrom Sukhoiwhomadesignifi forJay, thanks, as always, goto Susan,
Sukhoi, who co-contributed the sec- cant contributions include Vladimir Anna,andMissy.
AUT ORS'
NOTES
Theoriginalsourcesforthisbookwere reader will notice variations in this policy. nificant digits should make theirown con
allintheRussianlanguage. Insomecases, Themostcommonexamplesofsuchdevia versionsfromthemetricunits.
theauthorsfollowedtheRussiangrammati tionappearinthetabulardata. Inparticular, In rare cases, data in the text did not
cal structure where it was felt it provided the conversions from meters to feet and agree with the tabular data. The authors
insight into Russian (or Soviet) thinking. inchesmaycontainonemorethantheorigi made every effort to identify and correct
This was particularly true in quoted com nal numberofsignificantdigits. This was suchdiscrepancies.However,someexam
ments. Conventional forms were used in donetoallowamoreunifiedpresentationof ples remain. Usually, the differences are
transliteration. Popularspellingswerecho data.Thewidevariationinsignificantdigits small.
sentosimplifythereader'stask. intheoriginalRussiandatadidnotallowa Readersmaynoticethatmanyaircraft
Both Englishandmetricsystemswere reasonablechoiceforastandardpresenta series-designations follow a pattern that
used in the technical data. Usually, the tion.Inallcases,themetricdatacontainsall wouldseemunusualbyWesternstandards.
authors attempted to follow conventional thesignificantdigitsthatareavailableinthe Always, the authors followed the Russian
engineeringpracticeregardingthenumber Russian sourcematerial. Readers wishing system. AnexampleofthiswastheT-8air
of significant digits. However, the astute tomaketheirowndecisionsregardingsig- craftwhereinthedashwasdroppedwiththe
7
firstprototypewhichbecametheT8-1. ASh enginesofArkadyShvetsovdesign NKTP(NarodnyKomissarTyazheloy
Unlike modern American practice, the ASP(aviaeionnystrelkovypritse~--aerial Promyshlennostl)--People
Russianaircraftdesignationsincludeatwo gunsight Commissar(Minister)ofHeavy
letter prefix (pronounced as it is B-2020mmaircraftgunofM.Berezin Industry
spelled...contrary to western practice; i.e., design NPO(nauehno-proizvodstvennoeob'edine
SuispronouncedSOD,notessyoo).which B.L.C. boundarylayercontrol nie)--ScientificandProduction
representsthedesignbureau.Thisprefixis BB(biizhnybombardirovsehik)--short Corporation
followedbyanumericalmodeldesignation rangebomber NR(Nudelman-Riehter')--aircraftgunsofA.
whichisfollowedbysuffixlettersandnum BO(bombodertehate~--bombrack NudelmanandA.Richterdesign
bers representing modifications of the BUbooster NS(Nudelman-Suranov}--aircraftgunsof
originaldesign. CGcenterofgravity A.NudelmanandA.Suranov
Historically,oddnumbers haveusually DB(dalnybombardirovsehik)--Iongrange design
been reserved for designating bomber OALIO(otdelaerodinamicheskikhletnykh
fighters...and even numbers have been OOBSh (dalnydvuhkmestnybronirovanny ispytanyidovodok)--department
reserved for bombers, transports, and shturmovik)--Iong-rangetwo-seat ofaerOdynamics,flighttestand
lesser types. There are, however, excep closeairsupportaircraft after-testmodificationanddevel
tionsandoccasionalduplications. DIP(dvuhkmestnyistrebitelpusheehny)- opment
InearlyRussianpractice,thesuffixbis two-seatcannonfighter OOBSh(odnomestnydvukhmotorny
was used to indicate a modification or OOSAAF(Dobrovol'noeObsehestvo bronirovannyshturmovik)--single
improvement of an original design. More SodeystviyaArmii,Aviateiii seattwing-enginearmoredattack
recently, the following suffixes have been Flotu)--VoluntarySocietyfor aircraft
broughtintoplay: SupportoftheSovietArmy,Air OEPS(optiko-elektronnayapritselnayasis
B bombardirovsehik(bomber)-- Force,andNavy tema)televisionand/orinfrared
bomberversion OTRO(dvuhkonturnyturboreaktivnydviga searchandtracksystem
G gak(hook)--tailhookequipped te~--turbofanengine OKB(opytno-konstruktorskoebUro)-
I istrebitel'(fighter)--fighterversion Esbr(elektrieheskysbrasyvatel)--electric experimental/prototypedesign
IB istrebitel'bombardirovsehik bombreleasedevice bureau
(fighter-bomber) ESUV(elektronnayasistemaupravleniya PAU(pulemetaviateionnyuehebny)--gun
K kommerehesky(commercial)- vozduhozabornika)--inlet(ramp) camera
exportversion controlsystem PrincipalAircraftIndustryAdministra
M modifitsirovanny(modified)--mod- FAB(fugasnayaaviabomba)--highexplo tiano-predecessorofMinistryofAircraft
ifiedversion sivebomb Industry
MP electroniccountermeasuresver GKAT(gosudarstvennykornitetpoaviat PTB(podvesnoytoplivnybak)--external
sion sionnoytechnike)State fueltank
R razvedehik(reconnaissance)-- CommitteeforAircraftTechnology PV(pulemetvozdushny)7.62mmmachine
reconaissanceversion GNIKIVVS(gosudarstvennynauehno-ispy gun(basedon"Maxim"design)by
T tankovyi(tank)--anti-tankversion tatelnykrasnoznamennyinstitut A.NadashkevichandFeodor
TK anti-tankversion VVS}--StateResearchTest Tokarev
U uehebny(trainer)--trainerversion InstituteofSovietAirForce PVO(protivovozdushnayaoborona)--Air
UB combattrainer/armedtrainerver Gosudarstvennyyeisputaniya--State DefenceForces
sion FlightTests ROaircraft(rekorddalnostl)--rangerecord
UT trainer/trainerwithnoweapons GSh(Gribkov-Shpitalny)--gunsofPiotr holdingaircraft
capability GribkovandBorisShpitalny RKKA(Raboehe-KrestyanskayaKrasnaya
UTG unarmedtrainerwithtailhook design Armiya)--RedArmy
lOP(istrebitelodnornestnypusheehny)- RNII(raketnynauehno-issledovatelsky
Some variations from the above exist, single-seatcannonfighter institu~--RocketScientificand
suchastheSu-27K...whichisnotanexport KhAI KharkovAviationInstitute ResearchInstitute
versionbutratheracarrier-capablederiva KKR(kombinirovannykonteinerrazvedy RS(reaktivnysnaryad)--unguidedrocket
tive equipped with a tailhook. The vatelny)--combinedreconnais RSB(radiostantsiyabombard
Su-17M3R followed the standard system sancepod irovoehnaya)--bomberair
andwasthethirdmodificationofthebasic KMGU(konteinermalykhgruzovuniver craftradiostation
aircraftbuiltasareconnaissanceplatform. salny)--small-sizepayloads RSB(radiostantsiyabombardirovoehna
Inearlypractice,letterssuchaslandBwere (weapons)container/pod ya)--bomberaircraftradiostation
usedasaprefixindicatingtheprimaryfunc KOSOS(konstruktorskyotdelsukhop RSBN(radiostantsiyabiizhneinavigatsil)-
tionoftheaircraft. utnogoopytnogosamole tacticalnavigationradiostation
StandardRussianabbreviationsinclude tostroeniya)--theTsAGIdesign RSI(radiostantsiyaistrebitelnaya)--fighter
thefollowing: departmentofgroundexperimen aircraftradiostation
AFA(aviatsionnyfotoappara~--aerialcam talaircraftproduction RSIU(radiostantsiyaistrebitelnayaultrako
era KPA(kislorodnypriboraviatsionny)--air rotkovolnovaya)--VHFfighterair
AGI(avia-gorizontistrebitelny)--artificial craftoxygendevice craftradiostation
horizonforfighteraircraft LII(Ietno-issledovatelskyinstitut)--Flight RV(radiovysotomer')--radioaltimeter
AGOS(aviatsiyagidroaviatsiya-opytnoye TestResearchInstituteofMinistry SARPP(sistemaavtomatieheskoyregis
samoletostroeniye)--theTsAGI ofAircraftIndustry tratsiipoletnykhparametrov)-
designdepartmentofexperimen L110B(Ietno-ispytatelnayaidovodoehnaya inflightrecorder
talnavyaircraftproduction baza)--flighttestanddevelopment SAU(sistemaavtomatieheskogouprav
ALenginesofArkhipLyulkadesign facilities(ofDesignBureau) leniya)autopilot
AM enginesofAleksandrMikulindesign MAl MoscowAeronauticalInstitute SOU(sistemadistaneionnogoupravleniya)
APK(aviatsionnayapushka MAP(ministerstvoaviatsionnoypromysh -fly-by-wireflightcontrolsystem
Kurehevskogo)--aircraftgunsof lennostl)--MinistryofAircraft ShB(shtukrmovikbronirovanny)--armored
LeonidKurchevskydesign Industry closeairsupportaircraft
ARK(avtomatieheskyradiokompas)--ADF MRP(markernyradiopriemnik)--beacon ShKAS(Shpitalny-Komarnitekyaviat
ARS(aviatsionnyraketnysnaryad)--aircraft radioreceiver sionnyskorostrelny)--7.62mm
unguidedrocket MV(Mozharovsky-Venevidov}--turretgun rapid-firing(1,800rpm)machine
ARU(avtomatregulirovaniyauSily)--artifi ofGeorgyMozharovskyandIvan gunofB.Shpitalnyand
cialfeeldeviceinflightcontrolsys Venevidovdesign Korarnitckydesign
tem NilVVS(nauehno-issledovatelskyinstitut ShVAK(ShpitalnyVladimirovaviatsion
ARZ(avtomatreguiirovaniyazagruzkl)- VVS}--ScientificResearch nayakrupnokalibernaya)--20mm
artificialfeeldeviceinflightcontrol InstituteofAirForce gunofB.ShpitalnyandVladimirov
system NKenginesofNikolayKuznetsovdesign design
8
so(samoletnyotvetchik)--aircrafttrans Gorizont(horizon)--datalinksystem Extant NATO code names for Sukhoi
ponder Grad(hail)--radarrangefinder aircraftare:
SPPU(samoletnayapodvesnayapushech Iskra(spark)--tacticalradio-navigationsys- Flagon-A Su-15
nayaustanovka)--aircraftgunpod tem Fitter-A Su-7BM
SPRD(startovyporohovoiraketnydviga Izumrud(emerald)--radar Fitter-C Su-17M/Su-20
te~--RATObooster Khrom(chrome)--1FFresponder Fitter-D Su-17M2
SPU(samoletnoeperegovornoeustroist Khrom-Nike/(chome-nickel)--IFFsystem Fitter-E Su-17M2D
yolo-intercomsystem Klyon(maple)--Iaserdesignationandrange Fitter-G Su-17UM3
SPZO(sistemaradiozaproschikotvetchik) findingsystem Fitter-H Su-17M-3
-IFFsystem Korshun(kite)--radar Fitter-K Su-17M4/Su-22M4
SVS(sistemavozdushnyhsignalov)--air Kremny(silicon)--IFFsystem Fencer-C Su-24
datacomputer Lazur(azure)--automaticguidancesystem Fencer-E Su-24MR
SZ(Stalinskoyezadanye)--Stalin's Luch(beam)--groundcontrolsystem Fencer-F Su-24MP
Assignment Mete/(snowstorm)--weaponcontrolsystem Frogfoot-A Su-25
TK(turbokompressoJ'}--turbosupercharger externalpod Frogfoot-B Su-25UB/Su-25UT/Su
TMZ(Tushinskymashinostroitelnyzavod) Minda/(almond)--radiostation 25UTG
TushinoEngineeringWorks- Orel(eagle)--radar Flanker-A Su-27prototypes
Aircraftproductionfacilityin Pantera(panther)--radar Flanker-B Su-27production
Tushino(asuburbofMoscow) Pion(peony)--aerialfeedersystem Flanker-C Su-27UB
TRdesignationoffirstenginesofArkhip Puma(puma)--attack/navigationsystem Flanker-D Su-27K
Lyulkadesign Put'(path)--navigationsystem Maiden Su-9U
TsAGI(tsentralnyaerogidrodinamichesky Quantum(quantum)--radiomeasuring Moujik Su-7U
institu~--CentralAero •equipment
HydrodynamicInstitute Relief(terrain)--terrainfollowingradar Foridentificationpurposes,asthepost
TslAM(tsentralnyinstitutaviatsionnogo Sakhalin--unifiedairrefuelingunit WorldWarII"coldwar"escalated,the U.S.
motorostoeniya)--Centrallnstitute Shpi/(spire)--reconaissancepod military assigned the following '1ype num
ofAviationMotors Sirena(siren)--radarwarningsystem bers"toSukhoiaircraft:Type8(Su-9/0KB
TsKB(TsentralnoeKonstruktorskoye Smerch(tornado)--radar TypeK);Type17(OKBTypeLK);Type18
Byuro)--CentralDesignBureau Sobol(sable)--radar (Su-15/0KBTypeP);andType23(Su-12).
TVD(turbovintovoydvigate~--turboprop Svod(vault)--tacticalradio-navigationsys- During1970,theU.S.Dept.ofDefense
engines tem assigned a special designation series to
UB(uchebno-boevoy)--combatlrainer Taifoon(typhoon)--radar new prototypes discovered as a result of
UB(unificirovannyblok)--unifiedunit Tangazh(pitch)--reconaissancepod reconaissance satellite images that were
UBK(universalnyBerezinasinhronny)-- Tester(tester)--flightdatarecordingsystem coming from what then was mistakenly
12.7mmsynchronizedmachine Tory--radar identified as the Ramenskoye flight
gunofM.Berezindesign Tsna--analoguecomputingdevice researchfacilitysouthandeastofMoscow.
UBS(universalnyBerezinasinchronny)- Uragan(hurricane)--radar This facility, now known to be named
12.7mmsynchronizedmachine Uze/(knot)--IFFsystem Zhukovsky, is considered similar in many
gunofM.Berezindesign Vikhr(vortex)--radar respects to Edwards AFB in the U.S.
UBT(universalnyBerezinaturel'ny)- Vozdukh(air)--groundguidanceandcontrol Regardless,thevariousaircraftidentifiedat
12.7mmturretmachiengunofM. system "Ramenskoye" wereassignedspecialdes
Berezindesign ignations. Sukhoi aircraft so affected
UPAZ(universalnypodvesnoyagregat Sukhoiaircraftthatwereplacedinser include: RAM-A/-G (Sukhoi T6-1 through
zapravkl)--unifiedair-to-airrefuel viceafterthecreation oftheNorthAtlantic T6-21 et.a!.); RAM-J (Sukhoi T-8/Su-25);
ingpod Treaty Organization (NATO) were given andRAM-K(SukhoiT-10/Su-27).
UPK(unifitcirovannypushechnykonteineJ') code names to facilitate the recognition Finally,foranyoneinterestedincontact
-unifiedgunpod process on the Allied side. Fighter code ingtheSukhoiDesignBureaudirectly,their
UUAP(ukazateluglovatakiiperegruzkl)- namesbeginwiththeletter"F",bombercode addressis23APolikarpovStreet, 125284,
AOAandgindicator names begin with the letter"B", helicopter Moscow,Russia.Theirtelephonenumberis
UVVS(upravlenieVVS)--TheAirForce codenamesbeginwiththeletter"H",cargo 7 (095) 945 65 25; their fax number is 7
Administration aircraftcodenamesbeginwiththeletter"C", [phone].
VISh(vintizmenyaemogoshaga)--variable and code names for miscellaneous aircraft
pitchpropeller typesbeginwiththeletter"M". Single-syllable
VJa(VolkovYartcev)--23mmgunofVolkov code names designate propeller-driven air
andYartcevdesign craftandtwo-syllablecodenamesdesignate
VKenginesofVladimirKlimovdesign jet-poweredaircraft. Lettersuffixesdesignate
VRDK(vozdushno-reaktivnydvigatelkom sequentialversionsofthesamebasictype.
pressornyl)--air-reactioncom
pressorjet j
VVS(voenno-vozdushnyesi/y)--SovietAir
Force "0
Zavodskiyeispytaniya--(manufacturer) j~-~~'
developmenttests
ZOK(zavodopytnyhkonstruktsyl)--proto
typeaircraftplant
Miscellaneousavionicscodenamesareas
follows:
Almaz(diamond)--radar
Barometr(barometer)--data-linksystem
Bary(barium)--IFFtransponder
Baza(base)--radiorangefinder •
Beryoza(birch-tree)--radarwarningsystem
Delta--radiocommandguidancesystem
Dub(oak)--radiostation
Efir(ether)--reconnaissancepod
Evkalipt(eucalyptus)--radiostation
Fon(background)--radarrangefinder WellknownphotoofSu-27offIheportwingofau.s.Navyp-3e.VisibleonIhisaircraftareIheinfrared
Globus(globe)--blindlandingradarsystem
searchandIrackball,inslrumenllandinganlennaarray,andgunport.
9